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Carboxylic Acids - Coggle Diagram

- - - - intermolecular forces
        
        alkanes - VDW forces
        
        CA - VDW and hydrogen bonds
        which are stronger
    - - each pair CA molecules
        held together by 2 H bonds
        
        in a structure - DIMER
        
        doubles size of molecule
        
        increases VDW forces between dimers
        
        ∴ higher boiling point
        
        diagram
    - - has H bonding
        (but ethanal none)
  - - - polar OH group + polar C=O group
        hydrogen bond with water
        
        δ+ H on H2O
        
        lone pair of e- on O of COOH
    - - long hydrophobic chain
        
        comes in between molecule + water molecule
        
        hinders H bond formation
        
        making insoluble
- - - - acidified with dilute sulfuric acid
        why? - sulfur is in its highest oxidation state
      - half equation
    - - equation
      - conditions
        
        reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution
        
        distil off ethanoic acid
    - - equation
      - conditions
        
        reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution
        
        distil off ethanoic acid as made
    - - diagrams
  - - - conditions
        
        heat under reflux
        
        with dilute HCl
      - equation
      - reaction is
        REVERSIBLE
    - - conditions
        
        heat under reflux
        
        with NaOH solution
      - method - 2 STEPS
        STEP 1
        
        ester heated under reflux
        
        w dilute alkali
        
        produce salt of carboxylic acid
        
        STEP 2
        
        alcohol removed by distillation
        
        mineral acid (HCl) added
        
        free carboxylic acid
        
        equation
      - reaction is
        IRREVERSIBLE
      - advantages
        
        reactions one way rather
        than reversible
        
        products are easier
        to separate
      - equation
  - - - produces
        
        corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACID
        
        AMMONIUM ION
      - conditions
        
        heat under reflux
        
        with dilute HCl
      - equations
    - - produces
        
        corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACID
        
        AMMONIA
      - conditions
        
        heat under reflux
        
        with NaOH solution
      - to achieve free carboxylic acid
        = ACIDIFY final solution
        
        CA ion react with H+ from acid
        
        equation
      - equations
    - - STEP 1
        
        produces AMIDE
        (-CONH2 functional group)
        
        STEP 2
        
        produces AMMONIUM SALT of CARBOXYLIC ACID