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Zingiber Zerumbet - Coggle Diagram

- - - - light yellow inside
      - 7-15cm long
      - 1-2.5cm broad
      - irregularly branched
      - IN COMMERCE
        
        irregular
        
        pieces 4-7cm long
        
        wrinkled
        
        brown
        
        show a large central pith
      - DRIED RHIZOME
        
        hard
        
        brittle
        
        fragrant odor
        
        aromatic
        
        spicy taste
      - transverse section
        
        single
        
        layered epidermis
        
        7-10 layers of thin-walled cork cells
      - cortex
        
        several layers of parenchymatous cells
        
        intercellular air spaces
        
        oil cells are present
      - endodermis
        
        single layer of cells
        
        closed colateral vascular bundles in a circle form
      - stele
        
        broad central zone of ordinary parenchymatous cells
        
        covered by scattered selerenchymatous fibers
      - tracheids
        
        nonlignified
        
        have reticulate
        
        spiral or scalariform thickening on wall
      - tender to eat
      - grow under soil
    - - grow 0.6-2.0 m
    - - sessile and petiolate
      - purplish beneath young shoots
      - 25-35cm long
      - 6mm long of petiole
      - thin and broad lingule (1.5-2.5cm long)
      - arching pseudostems
    - - produced at the tip of long peduncle
      - green when young
      - changes from green to red on aging
      - lasts many weeks
      - bracts change colour after flowering and continues upward until entire inflorescence is bright crimson
      - closely overlapping bracts
      - bractsform an open pouch
      - spike, ovoid to ellipsoid in shape
      - corolla
        
        as long as bracts
        
        long and filiform
    - - pale white
      - three to four are produced at a time
      - longer than bracts
      - fragile and ephemeral
      - lasting a few hours
      - produce in August and September
      - emerge from lowest bracts first, exhausted, dries and falls away
      - three lobed at lip
      - stigma
        
        slightly projecting its margin is ciliate
    - - ellipsoid
    - - black
      - covered with lacerate aril
      - ellipsoid
    - - the stamen
        
        dehisces longitudinally
        
        attached with a long curved beak / horn-like appendage
        
        one stamen of inner whorl is fertile
        
        two staminoids have petal-like shape
      - ovary
        
        inferior and trilocular with axile placentation
      - fruit
        
        white, glabrous, thin walled
        
        approx. 1.5cm long
- - - - in damp
      - shaded parts of lowland or hill slopes
- - - - ZER
        
        Southeast Asian
        
        cancer
        
        prevent cell growth
        
        variety of cancer
        
        colon
        
        breast
        
        liver cancer
        
        cervix
        
        inhibits cancer cell proliferation
        
        enhance apoptosis
        
        anti-inflammatory properties
        
        can pass through membranes
        
        toothache
        
        indigestion
        
        constipation
        
        diarrhea
        
        severe sprains
        
        relieve pain
        
        antispasmodic
        
        antirheumatic
        
        diuretic agents
        
        Malaysia
        
        fresh rhizome
        
        edema
        
        stomach ache
        
        sores
        
        loss of appetite
        
        boiled rhizome
        
        treat worm infestation in children
        
        Thailand
        
        fresh rhizome
        
        antiflatulent agent
        
        Chinese
        
        alcohol-macerated rhizome
        
        tonic
        
        depurative
        
        stimulant
        
        Taiwanese
        
        anti-inflammatory adjuvant for stomach ache
        
        sprain
        
        fever
        
        India
        
        rhizome powder mixed with ripe Morinda citrifolia
        
        severe pain
        
        cooked rhizome
        
        toothache
        
        cought
        
        asthma
        
        worms
        
        leprosy
        
        skin desease
        
        strained rhizome with water
        
        treat stomach ache
        
        Hawaiians
        
        compressed RZZ
        
        sore spots
        
        bruises
        
        cuts
        
        headaches
        
        toothache
        
        ringworm
        
        skin desease
        
        mashed RZZ + salt
        
        headaches
      - anti-oxidant
      - antimicrobial
      - anti-gastric ulcer
      - food flavoring
    - - Hawaiians
        
        burnt leaves + Schizostachyum glaucifolium's ash + Aleurites moluccana's nut sap + Z. zerumbet's tuber sap
        
        cuts
        
        bruises
    - - ornamental in gardening
      - Hawaiians
        
        milky juice obtained for shampoo
      - foodflavoring
- - - - phytochemical isolated
      - obtained from the essential volatile oil
      - extracted from rhizomes
      - Characteristic
        
        monocyclic sesquiterpene
        
        three double bonds
        
        two conjugated
        
        one isolated
        
        conjugated carbonyl group
        
        an 11-membered ring structure
        
        boiling and melting point are 321-322 celcius
        
        major substance (59%) in essential oil