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Cestodes in Horses - Protozoa in Horses - Coggle Diagram
Cestodes in Horses - Protozoa in Horses
Anoplocephala spp. (Tapeworm)
Intermediate host: forage (orbatid) mites
Adult: large and fleshy
A. magna – 20-80 cm long, 2.5cm wide. Resides in small intestine
A. perfoliate (most common in Canada) - ~8cm long, 1cm wide. Resides in small, large intestine and cecum
Clinical signs: usually none in light infections; ulceration and inflammation of ileocecocolic valve area; intestinal obstruction in heavy infections; risk factor of colic
Paranoplocephala mamillana (Short Tapeworm)
Shorter than Anoplocephala spp, 5cm long, 5mm wide. Resides in small intestine and stomach
Giardia
Uncommon in horses
fecal flotation, look for cysts. Direct smear to look for trophozoite.
Eimeria leuckarti (Coccidia)
small intestine
diarrhea with heavy load
Direct life cycle: sporulated oocysts (4 sporocysts containing 2 sporozoites each) are infective
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Sarcocystis neurona
Definitive host: Opposum
Intermediate host: many animals (cats, dogs, skunks, raccoons, armadillos, skunks, ferrets)
Aberrant or dead-end host: horse 🡪 not true intermediate host
causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)
Adult: Microscopic life cycle stages (meronts, merozoites) in the nervous system: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, cranial nerves, and/or the spinal cord
Clinical signs: neurological signs in horses: stumbling, ataxia, head tilting, loss of reflexes, muscle atrophy, sudden collapse, difficulty backing up, etc.
Diagnosis: Difficult. Diagnosis of EPM. Based on clinical signs, history, CSF (cerebro-spinal fluid)
Phylum: Anthropoda
Gastrophilus spp. (Bot Flies)
G. intestinalis (common bot) – eggs deposited on forelimbs and shoulders but can be anywhere on body hair
Eggs hatch (stimulation by licking/hot breath for G. intestinalis and without stimulation for other 2 species)
Larvae migrate to mouth for approx 1 month, reside on the tongue or mucosa, then travel to:
Stomach (G. intestinalis and G. haemorrhoidalis)
First part of small intestine (G. nasalis)
G. nasalis (throat bot)- eggs deposited on lip hairs
G. haemorrhoidalis (nose or lip bot) eggs deposited on hairs of submaxillary region