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Globalisation - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation
Lesson 9
globalisation has caused global shift of manufacturing and TNC's to locate in developing countries
a positive aspect is lower industrial pollution levels
unemployment due to industries moving overseas as resulted in the inner city areas where areas become switched off to the global economy
Deindustrialisation - the decline of regionally important manufacturing industries
Detroit
Causes
industrial restructuring due to global shift e.g. car manufacturing moving to Japan
Impacts
dereliction
depopulation
crime
high unemployment
reduction in tax
bankrupt
£18.5 million in debts
1/3 families in extreme poverty
45/100,000 murder rate
Dereliction - land once has an economic use, but this has now gone so the land is unused
Depopulation - the decline or reduction of population in an area
Deprivation - lacking things that are considered normal by society such as a job, decent income, warm secure housing, access to education and healthcare
Lesson 4
Free Market Liberalisation
reduces and removes rules restricting economic activity and companies.
This involves removing barriers to trade e.g. tariffs/taxes and quotas, and encouraging competition
Privatisation
companies changing from being run by Governments to being owned by private companies
Encouraging Business Start-ups
Grants and loans are often made to new businesses, especially in areas that are seen to be globally important growth areas such as ICT, pharmaceuticals or renewable energy
Joining Trade Blocs
Such as the EU and ASEAN which make trade barrier-free between member countries and allows for free movement of people between countries.
Special Economic Zones
tariff and quota free, allowing manufactured goods to be exported cheaply
Unions are banned
infrastructure is provided by the government
all profits made sent to the company HQ
taxes are usually very low
environmental regulations limited
Lesson 7
there are physical, political, economic and environmental reasons why some locations remain switched off from globalisation
very poor nations are switched off because they lack a global hub or any strong flows or trade and investment with other countries
Physical Factors
lack of proximity from market discourages FDI
harsh terrain e.g. desert or tundra
lack of natural resources such as minerals, coal, iron, etc
low agricultural potential, such as a short growing season
Political Reasons
Corruption and presence of organised crime/terrorist groups
weak education creating poor workforce skills which is unattractive for TNC's
civil or tribal conflict, possibly a relic of colonialism
weak commitment of government development
exclusion from trade blocs or disadvantages by trade rules
Economic Factors
high level of government debt
poor transport & telecommunication infrastructure discourages FDI as goods can't be moved
over dependent on particular industries so vulnerable to price flactuations
Lesson 16
Sustainability - meeting current needs without compromising the ability to meet needs for the next generation (Bruntland Principle)
Environmental
is it eco friendly?
economic benefits, better development, technology
more pollution, more transport, increased carbon footprint
Economic
are there financial benefits and does everyone benefit?
more economic benefits, more jobs
divide made bigger
Socio-economic
does it benefit peoples lives? Are local people involved in decision making?
more connected, more education
overcrowding global tensions
Ecological Footprint
a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate
Lesson 1
Key Ideas
Increasing flows of:
goods - the products and commodoties we all buy in shops
capital - flows of money between people, banks, businesses and governments
information - such as data transferred between people, banks, businesses and governments
people - flows of migrants and tourists from one part of the world to another
globalisation is the process by which people, their cultures, money, goods and information can be transferred between countries with no barriers.
Cultural Globalisation
the transmission of ideas, attitudes, meanings and values across borders
Economic Globalisation
international movement of goods, services, technology and information
increased investments
58,000 increase in MNC's
Political Globalisation
climate change
terrorism
financial crisis
growth in the worldwide political system - size and complexity
Lesson 5
Outsourcing
outsourcing some parts of their businesses, usually admin and data processing, to third party companies
Offshoring
offshoring some parts of their business to cheaper foreign locations
Developing New Markets
many TNC's that initially set up factories in Asia now sell there
Glocalisation
adapting brands and products to suit local market tastes
Lesson 11
a global hub is a highly globally connected city, or the home region of a large, globally connected community
London is a global hub
commonwealth, trade, globally connected, big business district, lots of visitor attractions, good education, Greenwich mean time, major financial centre, TNC's, geographical location
Elite International Migrants
highly skilled or socially influential, wealthy due to profession, some live in multiple locations, few obstacles, welcomed by most governments
Low-waged international migrants
drawn to global hubs in large numbers, include both legal and illegal migrants, work in low paid areas such as kitchens, construction sites or domestic cleaners
Lesson 12
cultural erosion - loss of language, traditional food, music, clothes, social relations
cultural diffusion - when cultural ideas and a way of life is shared between individuals and cultures. This may result in cultural erosion
cultural imperialism - culture is spread through military force and coercion
hyper-globalisation - western culture is emerging due to cultural erosion in different places
Lesson 8
the movement of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia via the global shift of manufacturing and outsourcing of services can lead to changes in the built environment that can bring benefits and costs
relatively switched on places - the most highly-conected countries and important megacities in poorer countries
significant producers and consumers of goods and services
relatively switched off places - the very poorest countries and poor peripheral regions in some other countries
Lesson 13
development means the ways in which a country seeks to grow economically and to improve the standard of living for its inhabitants
The Development Cable
Personal
social justice
equal opportunities
quality of life
satisfaction
education
culture
identity
Environmental
sustainability
conservation
environmental change
Political
freedom of speech
democratic government
Social
personal wealth
mobility
birth - death control
life expectancy
social justice
measuring development
GDP (gross domestic product)
income per capita
economic sector balance
HDI
Gender Inequality Index
environmental performance index
Lesson 3
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - investment made by an overseas company or organisation to one based in another country
Key Ideas
international political and economic organisations have contributed to globalisation through the promotion of free trade policies and foreign direct investment (FDI)
some countries operate protectionist policies as:
imports of raw materials and commodities may threaten a nations own industries
migrants can bring cultural change and religious diversity which isn't always welcomed by all
information can provide citizens with knowledge that the government may find threatening
Lesson 10
Rural to Urban Migration
urbanisation - the growth in the proportion of the world's population living in towns and cities
urban sprawl - occurs when urban areas grow outwards, usually in an uncontrolled way, on to surrounding rural land
world city -cities of power based on trade, political strength, innovation and communication
megacity - a city with a population of over 10 million
Push and Pull factors
Push Factors
high crime rate
conflict
poor healthcare
lack of employment
poor pay
ambition/determination
poverty
natural disasters
crop failure
Pull Factors
better jobs
better education
healthcare
Lesson 2
Role of international organisations e.g. WTO
international organisations mean that products are able to be transported everywhere
Rapid developments in ICT and communication
people can communicate better and technology advances mean products get better and more developed
Factors accelerating globalisation
improvements in transport
it is easier to move and transport products around the world
Role of TNC's
locations around the world benefit from good businesses and companies who are able to provide improved products and services