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“Pesticide is not for Sippy Cups” – Week 6, image, image, image, image,…
“Pesticide is not for Sippy Cups” – Week 6
Pesticide Symptoms
Acute
Organophosphorus >> decrease in serum acetyl cholinesterase, metabolic acidosis
causing
Impaired Liver/Kidney function
Metal ions (Cd) during biotransformation enhance ROS steady-state levels
causing
Intraneuronal oxidative stress & ROS-induced oxidation of lipids and proteins
Blocking of VGSCs
Chronic
Genotoxicity
leading to
Cancer
Birth Defects
Infertility
Endocrine disruptors
Causing
Hindered Development
Endometriosis
Metabolism
by the enzyme
Cytochrome P450s
Dearylation/desulfuration
there has to be
balance between detoxification & Activation
Results in
Inhibition of : acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase
is usually
misdiagnosed
more harmful to children & eldery
organophosphorus poisoning
mechanism of action
inactivate
Acetylcholinesterase
result in
cholinergic toxicity
Treatment and management
Atropine
acts on
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
is
a competitive non-selective antagonist for acetylcholine
is administered
intravenously
Hemodialysis
indicated for
pateints with severe poisoning
patients with altered elimination pathways( renal or hepatic failure)
effective in removing toxins with
low protein-binding
low molecular weight
low volume of distribution
invasive hemodynamic monitoring
by inserting
pulmonary artery catheter in the subclavian/ internal jugular vein
can
reach different areas in the heart to help evaluating its function
Medically-induced coma
reduce
the electrical activity of the brain
prevent
long term damage to the brain
exposure
can occur through
ingestion
skin contact
inhalation
Dealing With Poisoned Patients
Knowing route of exposure from
Clinical features
Inhalation
Cough and difficulty in breathing
Bronchitis / Pneumonia
Ingestion
nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Salivation
Eye Contact
Irritation or pain
Lacrimation and swelling
Blurring of vision
First
Resuscitation and Stabilization
Second
Diagnosis of Types of Poison
Third
Decontamination
Fourth
administration of an antidote
Fifth
bservation and disposition
Psychosocial & Legal Aspect
Autopsy
which is
examining a dead person for medical (other) purpose
is done to
describe & measure injuries
detect injuries
obtain samples for analysis
determine cause of death
Other management
Grief
Psychological Rehabilitation
Food Poising
prevention
Keep clean
Separate raw and cooked food
Cook thoroughly
Keep food at safe temperatures
Keep hot food above 60°C and cold food below 5°C
Types of Poisons
Common Poisons at Home & Work
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Food Poisoning
Plants and Mushrooms
Poisonous Plants
Mushrooms
Venomous Creatures
Snakes (General)
American Copperhead
Cottonmouth
Spiders
Black Widow
Brown Recluse
Prescription Medicines
ADHD Medications
Antidepressants
Non-Prescription Medicines
Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Substances of Abuse
Alcohol
Synthetic Marijuana
Definition
Gastroenteritis illness caused by ingestion of contaminated food
Signs and symptoms
Feeling sick (nausea)
Vomiting
Diarrhoea, which may contain blood or mucus
Stomach cramps and abdominal pain
A lack of energy and weakness
Loss of appetite
A high temperature (fever)
Aching muscles
Causes
Microbial
Bacteria
E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio spp.
Clostridium
Staph aureus
Bacillus cereus
Listeria monocytogenes
Virusues
Hepatitis A
Norwalk
Rota virus
Parastites
Giardia Lamblia
Toxoplasma gondii
Anisakis spp.
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia saginata / solium (Tape worms)
Mycotic
Pesticides
Metals
Food additives
Non- micobial
Biological
Plant origin
Animal origin
outonomic nervous system
divide to
sympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neurons
In the lateral horn of spinal cord grey matter
Postganglionic neurons
located in
prevertebral ganglia
Located at origins of major arteries
paravertebral ganglia
Ganglia of sympathetic chain
parasympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neurons
Brain stem (nuclei of CNs III, VII, IX and X)
Gray matter of sacral cord segments 2, 3 and 4
Postganglionic neurons
Walls or very close to the organs innervated
Pesticides exposure
Common pesticides
Include
Bleaches , Disinfectants and Stain Removers.
Ant/Roach killers, Dishwasher Soap and Ammonia
Mechanism of entry
Includes
Inhalation
Dermal
Oral
Guidelines
Include
Always be sure to read the product label first.
Allow plenty of time for the pesticide to dry
eek the least-toxic pesticide option available
Use of appropriate first aid measures in case of toxic exposure
Neurotoxicity
Is
Any modification in structure or function of the nervous system
Caused by exposure to
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Biological agents
Neurotoxicity Testing
Why
Used to evaluate effects of the biological, chemical and physical agents on the nervous system
Cholinesterase test
Serum blood cholinesterase measures the levels of
Acetylcholinesterase
Pseudo cholinesterase
Results
5 - 25 % decrease in cholinesterase
Slight poisoning
25-35% decrease in cholinesterase
Moderate poisoning
35 - 50% decrease in cholinesterase
Severe poisoning
Effects of accumulation of ACH
Stimulation of muscarnic receptors
Leads to
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Stimulation of nicotonic receptors
Leads to
Muscle fasciculations movements
