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Bone Health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reduces risk of dental caries
      - Development of teeth in Infants
        
        F- replace OH- in a hydroxyapatite creating Flourapatie
        
        fluorapatite resist acid tooth decay
    - - Antimicrobial defense on surface micro-lesions
    - - Sources
        
        Soil
        
        water supplies (not bottled)
        
        Plants
        
        brewed tea
        
        seaweed
        
        Aninmal
        
        seafood
        
        shellfish
        
        fish
        
        non food sources
        
        toothpaste
        
        chewing gum
        
        mouth wash
      - Toxicity
        
        Flourosis white speck, mottling or brown streak on teeth
        
        abnormal hardening of the skeleton
        
        bones are more brittle
        
        osteoporosis
        
        joint pain/stiffness
      - Deficiency
        
        Increased risk of dental caries
        
        inabilbity to chew poperly
        
        less diverse diet
      - ~30-80 absorbtion
        
        AI:
        
        Females 3mg/day
        
        Males 4 mg/day
        
        UL: all adults 10mg/day
  - - - Bone and Teeth
        
        Used in the mineral crystal structure - can replace calcium in hydroxyapatite
        
        Bone acts as a reservoir of Mg
        
        Reduces dental carries by holding calcium in teeth
      - Muscle contraction and Blood
        
        Inhibits blood clotting
        
        Protects against high blood pressure - acting as a vasodilator
        
        inhibits muscle contraction- blocking calcium ion channels
        
        Necessary for neurotransmitter activity regulated through Mg-dependent adenylate cyclase enzyme system
      - Acts as a catalyst
        
        Helps add the final phosphate to make ATP in ATP synthesis
        
        Protein, fat, and nucleic acid synthesis
    - - Rare in healthy adults
      - Develops slowly since magnesium stores in bones
      - heavy perspiration(long duration), prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, use of diuretics, renal disease
      - alcoholics
      - Symptoms as a result deficiency
        
        irregular heart beat
        
        weakness, disorientation, irritability
        
        hypertension
        
        Tetany in extreme cases
    - - No known toxicity risks
      - Kidney's excrete excess magnesium in urine making the risk of toxicity rare
      - High supplement doses can cause diarrhea and nausea
    - - Animal foods
        
        Milk, Yogurt, Halibut
      - Plant foods
        
        Green leafy vegetables, whole grains, beans
  - - - Part of Hydroxyapatite crystals, provide strength and rigidity to bones
    - - Fluid balance: major intracellular anionic electrolyte
      - In blood and tissue
        
        Buffer
        
        ATP
        
        Cell membrane
        
        DNA&RNA
        
        Activates B-Vitamins
    - - neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological and renal malfunction
    - - No true toxicity by itself, adverse effects seen with low calcium intake in
        combination with high Phosphorus intakes
    - - RDA (adults): 700mg/day
      - UL: 4000mg/day
    - - Supplements
        
        Not needed, plenty in diet
      - Foods
        
        Animal protein foods: meat, fish, poultry
        
        Milk, milk products
        
        Legumes, cereal, bran, nuts
        
        Soft drinks
  - - - Bone Formation and Maintenance
        
        Part of Hydroxyapatite crystals, provide strength and rigidity to bones
    - - Muscle Contraction
        
        Calcium flows into muscle cells, causing contractions
        
        Calcium exists muscle cells, relaxation occurs
      - Blood Clotting
        
        Calcium regultes coagulation cascades
    - - Osteoporosis: degenerative bone disease; decreased bone density, increased bone fragility and risk of fracture
        
        Age, Gender, and Hormones
        
        Genetics and Rce
        
        Physical activity
        
        Body Weight
        
        Smoking and Alcohol
        
        Calcium and associated nutrients obtained
    - - Cause: Hyperparathyroidism. Kidney retention of bone and blood Calcium and release into blood
      - Effects: Hypercalcemia
        
        Calcium deposit into soft tissues
        
        Irreversible damage to organs
        
        High blood and urine calcium level
      - People with kidney diseases most at risk
    - - RDA (males and females)
        
        19-50 yr: 1000 mg/day
        
        UL:2500 mg/day
        
        51-70 yr: ~1100mg/day
        
        UL: 2000mg/day
        
        9-18 yr: 1300 mg/day
    - - Supplements
        
        carbonate, citrate, lactate, phosphate
        
        Doses: divided dose, max 500mg/dose
      - Foods
        
        Most milk and milk products
        
        Calcium-fortified beverages
        
        Certain vegetables: cauliflowers, bok choy
        
        Bones in canned fish, oysters
- - - - Calcium and phosphorus absorption
        
        Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of phosphorus and calcium
        
        Calcitriol raises calcium levels by acting at 3 locations throughout the body: intestines, bone, and kidneys
        
        Intestines: increases calcium absorption
        
        Bone:activates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone and enter the bloodstream
        
        Kidney's: decreases calcium excretion
      - Immune function
        
        Calcitriol is involved in the maturing of immune cells
    - - Children
        
        Rickets
        
        Due to little sun exposure and low vitamin D in breastmilk
        
        Can cause deformed skeletal and dental structures
        
        Shown through bowed legs and malformed ribs
      - Adults
        
        Osteomalacia
        
        Factors affecting the risk of developing are: age, gender, hormones
        
        Soft brittle bones as a result
        
        Poor bone mineralization
        
        Causes
        
        Intestinal, Kidney, or liver diseases which decreasies vitamin D absorption
        
        Not enough sun exposure
        
        Treatment
        
        Increase amount of time in the sun(carefully) and increase dietary intake
    - - UL: 100 μg/day those consuming 250 μg/day over several months at risk for toxicity
      - People at risk
        
        infants being given a high amount through suppliments
      - Causes
        
        sun exposure
        
        Not toxic since the body down regulates endogenous synthesis of vitamin D when circulating levels are adequate
        
        Prolonged exposure degrades 7-dehydrocholesterol
        
        Food intake
        
        Safe and non toxic with normal consumption
        
        Supplement use
        
        The most common reason people experience toxicity
      - Effects of Vitamin D Toxicity
        
        Hypercalcemia
        
        high blood calcium level, calcium deposits into soft tissue in kidney's ,heart arteries will cause irreversible damage
    - - Available as D2 (plant-based) or D3 (animal based) D3 Is more effective in the body
      - Adults 50+ advised to take 400IU (10μg) in supplements
      - absorb ~50-80% of ingested amount
      - various forms: tablets, softgels, liquid
    - - Animal foods
        
        beef, egg yolks, liver
      - Fortified foods (milk, yogurt, margarine)
  - - - Calium mineralization on bone matrix
        
        Synthesizes osteocalcin
        
        Deposit the mineral into the collafen portien matrix
        
        Bone formation
    - - Blood clotting
        
        Produces fibrin
        
        Infants:
        
        Have a sterile GI tract
        
        insuffienct engoneiot synthesis of Vitamin K from bacteria
        
        Given Vitamin K at birth to prevent hemorrhaging
    - - ~40-80% absorption
        
        AI:
        
        Male: 120 ug/day
        
        Females: 90 ug/day
      - Deficiency:
        
        Infants:
        
        Low level at birth
        
        Low levels in breast milk
        
        low vitamin K producing gut bacteria
        
        Adults
        
        caused by antibiotic
        
        risk for adults with fat malabsortion dissorders taking antibiotics
        
        excessive vitamin E will compromise Vitamin K's ability to fulfill its role in blood clots
      - Toxicity
        
        rare
        
        impair anti-coagulants effectiveness
        
        RBC hemolysis
        
        Juandice
        
        Brain damage
      - Sources
        
        Food Sources
        
        liver
        
        eggs
        
        milk
        
        Green Leafy vegetables
        
        spinach
        
        kale
        
        peas
        
        broccoli
        
        green beans
        
        Bacteria in large intestine