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Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - if we have this, we will be motivated tactician. if not, we will become cognitive miser
- - - - Top-down model: basically deriving other traits from central traits
      - Limitation: there isn't always a link between central traits and secondary traits (i.e. when a person is friendly doesn't mean they are kind)
      - Acting as a cognitive miser
    - - Bottom-up model
        
        this theory assumes we are a naive scientist, and it is an idealised model
    - - |---------------------------------|
        low /////////////////////////// high
        cognitive miser \\\\\ naive scientist
    - - Availability heuristic
        
        Kahneman and Tversky define this heuristic as a mental shortcut for making frequency or probability judgments based on “the ease with which instances or occurrences can be brought to mind” (p.1127).3
      - Representativeness heuristic
        
        When we use the representativeness heuristic, we make probability judgments about the likelihood that an object or event arises from some category based on the extent to which the object or event in question is similar to the prototypical example of that category.
        
        For example, if someone in university looks and acts like a stereotypical medical student, we may judge the probability that they are studying medicine as highly likely, even without any hard evidence to support that assumption.
      - Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
        
        When estimating a certain value, we tend to give an initial value, then adjust it by increasing or decreasing our estimation. However, we often get stuck on that initial value – which is referred to as anchoring – which results in us making insufficient adjustments.
  - - - internal attribution
        
        Attribution errors/biases
        
        1) Fundamental Attribution Error
        
        Actor-observer effect
        
        Ultimate attribution error
        
        When you apply Actor-observer effect to a whole group
        
        Self-serving biases
      - external attribution
        
        Attribution theories
        
        Covariation theory
        
        Consistent?
        
        Consensus that behaviour is expected
        
        Distinctiveness?
        
        Gilbert's two-step model of attribution
        
        acting as motivated tactician
        
        step 1: cognitive miser [default]
        (if you have the factors under motivated tactician to go to step 2)
        step 2: naive scientist [default]
  - - - Example: La Piere study where he brought his Chinese friends to the restaurants
    - - Theory of Planned Behaviour
      - Theory of reasoned action
- - - - engaging in heuristic processing
        
        heuristics: shortcuts to cognitive processing
        
        make more errors, but saves us a lot of time and effort