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How do organisms get their energy? - Coggle Diagram
How do organisms get their energy?
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reactions
Inputs → Water, Sunlight, ADP, NADP+
Chlorophyll pigment within the internal chloroplast, the thylakoid, captures the energy from photons
The water molecule is split into H+ ions and oxygen molecules
The oxygen is released
Light energy is converted into two molecules, NADPH and ATP.
Photosystem II helps make ATP.
Photosystem I helps make NADPH.
Electrons are passed to the chlorophyll in PSII and energy from sunlight is added to the electrons. The extra energy makes the electrons high energy electrons.
These electrons are passed from PSII to PSI. They move through the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
When the electrons arrive at PSI, they have a low amount of energy.
In PSI, chlorophyll absorbs light energy and gives it to the electrons. The energy makes the electrons high energy electrons.
An enzyme adds the high energy electrons and H+ to NADP+, making NADPH.
The converted energy is sent to the light independent reactions (the carbon cycle, calvin cycle)
Outputs →Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Location: Chloroplast
Light Independent Reactions
Inputs → Carbon
Energy from ATP breakdown is used for carbon fixation
Rubisco is an enzyme that helps to make sugars, taking carbon from CO2 to add it to a carbohydrate molecule
This becomes G3P, which can be glucose/fructose/sucrose
Outputs → Glucose
Chloroplast: Location of Photosynthesis
THYLAKOID (membrane-bound structures inside chloroplasts, photosystems II and I are here)
GRANA (stacked thylakoids)
LUMEN (space inside the thylakoid)
STROMA (fluid found inside a chloroplast, contains enzyme G3P)
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Inputs → Glucose, Oxygen
Outputs →Water, CO2 , ATP
Energy Yield →36 ATP (net from one glucose molecule)
Location →Inner cell (cytosol/cytoplasm) and mitochondria
Stages → Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC, ATP Synthase
In glycolysis, glucose is split into two pyruvates and makes some ATP.
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) produces ATP, NADH, and CO2
NADH gives electrons to the ETC (electron transport chain)
As electrons move down the ETC, a H+ gradient (difference) is made
H+ pass through the ATP synthase to make ATP
Aerobic Respiration
Inputs → Glucose
Outputs →Water, CO2 , ATP
Energy Yield →2 ATP (net from one glucose molecule)
Location →Inner cell (cytosol/cytoplasm)
Stages → Glycolysis, Fermentation (Lactic Acid - mammal cells and bacteria, Ethanol and Alcohol - yeast)
Mitochondria: Location of Cellular Respiration
CYTOPLASM (outside the mitochondria but still inside a cell)
OUTER MEMBRANE
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
INNER MEMBRANE
MATRIX (inside of mitochondrion)
Feedback Loops
Global Feedback Loops
Nutrient Cycles
Water Cycle
Stored: Atmosphere, Groundwater (aquifer), Ocean
Evaporation and Transpiration convert water to vapor
Precipitation is snow, sleet, or rain
Precipitation and runoff contribute to the addition of pollutants in water
Percolation and absorption clean and filter pollutants from water
The water cycle is a closed system, no new water comes in and no water leaves
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Sink contains stored carbon: coal, oil, peat, natural gas → these are fossil fuels
Burning fossil fuels to generate energy is called combustion
Enters the atmosphere through respiration from animals and plants and combustion
The carbon cycle is a closed system, no new carbon comes in and no carbon leaves
Community Feedback Loops
Feedback loops in a particular area (localized). Predator-prey feedback loops- more predators mean less prey. Less prey then means less predators, until the population of prey reaches higher levels again.
Trophic Levels
Autotroph (makes its own food)
Heterotroph (eats other organisms)
Producer (makes food)
Primary Consumer (eats a producer, can be prey)
Secondary Consumer (eats a primary consumer, a predator, can be prey)
Tertiary Consumer (eats a secondary consumer, a predator, could be an apex predator, or can be prey)
Individual Feedback Loops
Feedback loops in an individual organism. A feedback loop is demonstrated when humans take a sip of water when they’re thirsty, when they sweat to regulate their body temperature, etc.
Positive Feedback Loops
A positive feedback loop increases the effect of the change and produces instability.
A positive feedback accelerates a temperature rise in climate change.
Reflectivity and Insulation in the arctic.
Negative Feedback Loops
A negative feedback loop reduces the effect of change and helps maintain balance.
If the temperature is high, the body sweats in order to cool down, it is a negative feedback.
Melting ice in the arctic.