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Hon Bio: Unit 3 Review Guide - Coggle Diagram
Hon Bio: Unit 3 Review Guide
Photosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplasts
Inputs: carbon dioxide, sunlight, water
Outputs: oxygen, G3P (glucose)
Creates a storable energy source (glucose)
Photo reactions (Light-dependent reactions)
Inputs: H20, light energy, NADP and ADP
Outputs: NADPH, ATP, O2
Occur in thylakoids/thylakoid membrane
Granum = stacks of thylakoids
Use only certain wavelengths
Requires light energy and water
Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen
Oxygen is given off
Light energy excites electrons which NADP carries to the synthesis reactions
Light energy excites electrons to create ATP
NADP = electron carrier/co-enzyme that shuttles electrons to synthesis reactions
Light energy is used to create chemical energy
Synthesis reactions (Light-independent reactions or Calvin Cycle)
Inputs: CO2, NADPH, ATP
Outputs: G3P, NADP, ADP
Occur in stroma (space surrounding thylakoid)
Fueled by chemical energy
Carbon dioxide is combined with oxygen to form water, and glucose is eventually made
Enzymes are needed the whole time to let process function
NADPH and ATP involved
Uses calvin cycle to make an intermediate molecule before making glucose
Creates G3P
Cellular respiration
Occurs in mitochondria
Inputs: glucose, oxygen
Outputs: water, carbon dioxide, ATP
Takes the storable energy source (glucose) and converts it into usable form for cells (ATP)
Converts glucose into ATP
Enzymes makes these reactions possible
Aerobic respiration
In glycolysis, glucose is split into two pyruvate and makes some ATP
Glycolysis inputs: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD
Glycolysis outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
Glycolysis occurs in cytosol (cytoplasm)
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coA
The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2
Krebs cycle occurs in matrix
Krebs cycle creates ATP and NADH/FAD2 for ETC
Krebs cycle inputs: Acetyl coA, NADH, oxygen
Krebs cycle outputs: CO2, NADH and FADH
NADH and FADH2 gives electrons to the ETC
ETC = occurs in cristae (folds of mitochondria)
ETC uses enzymes to create ATP from NADH and FADH2
ETC uses ATP synthase to create most ATP
ETC inputs: NADH, FADH2, oxygen
ETC outputs: ATP, H20
As electrons move down the ETC, a H+ gradient is made
H+ pass through the ATP synthase to make ATP
Glycolysis + Krebs cycle = 2 ATP
ETC = 32 ATP
Aerobic respiration yield more ATP (36) than anaerobic respiration (2 ATP)
Acetyl coA = made in mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration
Occurs when there is no oxygen around for cells to use to break down glucose
Can happen in prokaryotes that lack mitocondria (where aerobic respiration occurs)
Can happen in eukaryotic cells when no oxygen is present
Glycolysis = glucose into broken into pyruvic acid and 2 ATP + NADH are made
Glycolysis occurs in cytosol (cytoplasm)
Alcohol formation or lactic acid
Alcohol formation happens in plants
Lactic acid formation occurs in animals
Also known as fermentation
Requires pyruvate from glycolysis as starter molecule
Feedback loops
Systems use feedback loops to maintain homeostasis
A feedback loop is a response to a stimulation, and an action follows
Feedback loops can amplify the reaction or tamp down the reaction
Similar to a cause and effect loop
Occur on 3 different levels:
Global feedback loops = can range from nutrient cycling, water cycling, and rock cycling
Community feedback loops = feedback loops in a particular area, more localized. Eg. predator-prey feedback loops (more predators = less prey).
Individual feedback loops = in an individual organisms or on cellular level. Eg. you take a sip of water when thirsty
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: aims to correct big swings in variation, will return a system back to a set point, stablizing force. Example: like a thermostat- house will stay at 70*F and if it drops below, the heat kicks on.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: meant to amplify a response and stops when the end result is achieved, keeps going until something stops it, a destabilizing force. Eg. blood clotting factors use positive feedback and when there are enough of them to stop the bleeding, other signals tell them to stop making more of themselves.
Nutrient cycles
The cycle of recycling nutrients and matter
Water cycle
Carbon cycle
Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.
These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets bioaccumulated into their bodies
These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released back into the atmosphere.
Energy flow/webs/chains
Energy is produced using photosynthesis by producers such as plants or phytoplankton
Consumers then receive that energy by eating those producers
Other organisms eat those consumers, gaining a percentage of that energy
Energy flow goes from producers to consumers
Example of a food chain
Trophic Levels
Autotroph: an organism that makes its own food (eg. plants)
Heterotroph: an organism that eats other organisms for energy (eg. lions)
Producer: autotroph that uses photosynthesis to create its own food (eg. plant)
primary consumer: heterotroph that eats producer to gain energy (eg. caterpillar)
secondary consumer: heterotroph that eats primary consumer to gain energy (eg. bird)
Tertiary consumer: heterotroph that eats secondary consumer to gain energy (eg. snake)
Quaternary consumer: heterotroph that eats tertiary consumer to gain energy (eg. eagle)
