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VIRULENCE FACTOR OF ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, Sign & Symptoms :!:, Sign &…

- - - - Streptococcus mutans produce dextran from sucrose
        
        Form biofilm or dental plaque
        
        Ferment sugars to acid
        
        Dissolve tooth enamel
        
        Bacteria invades dentin and pulp (inside tooth)
        
        Destroy dentin and pulp, blood vessels and nerves
        
        Formation of tartar (hard deposits)
        trigger periodontal disease
        
        Porphyromonas gingivalis produce digesting
        enzymes to breakdown gingival tissue
        
        Bacteria invasion, osteomyelitis and
        teeth loose and fall out
        
        Periodontal Disease - Results of severe gingivitis
        
        Gingivitis - Inflammation of the gums
        
        Swollen or puffy gums
        
        Dusky red or dark red gums
        
        Gums bleed easily when brush or floss
        
        Bad breath or bad taste
        
        Receding gums
        
        Tender gums
        
        Painful chewing
        
        Loose teeth
        
        Dental caries - Holes or pits in the teeth
        
        Toothache
        
        Pain when bite down
        
        Tooth sensitivity
        
        Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot or cold.
        
        Treat by removing cavities
        
        Scaling – Remove plaque
        
        Fluoridation of water - Fluoride is incorporated into the developing enamel of new teeth, strengthening them
        against the effects of acid and protecting them from the inside.
        
        Basic dental hygiene routine
  - - - Flagella enable burrowing
        through stomach lining
        
        Adhesins facilitate attachment to
        gastric cells
        
        Urease neutralizes stomach acid
        
        Bacteria that are phagocytized by
        leukocytes survive through the
        actions of catalase and superoxide
        dismutase, enzymes that neutralize
        part of the phagocytes’ killing
        mechanism.
        
        Abdominal pain
        
        Shock (the cardiovascular system
        fails to deliver enough blood to vital organs)
        
        Nausea, vomiting (with
        or without blood, which looks like coffee
        grounds in the vomitus), weight loss, chest
        pain, or black, tarlike stools.
        
        antimicrobials and drugs that inhibit stomach acid
        
        avoiding fecal-oral transmission and change lifestyle
- - - - 1) Mumps virus binds to sialic acid to enter the polarized epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract from both sides.
        2) Apical entry facilitates transmission of virus to neighboring cells, whereas infection from the basolateral side is probably important for secondary infection via the bloodstream.
        
        Parotitis (swelling of the parotid salivary glands)
        
        Face pain
        
        Fever
        
        Headache
        
        Sore throat
        
        Getting plenty of bed rest and fluids, using painkillers, such as ibuprofen and paracetamol
        
        Be vaccinated against the disease.
        
        Treatment :pencil2:
  - - - 1) Enter the body through cracks or cuts in
        mucous membranes
        2) Herpesviruses reproduce in
        epithelial cells near the site of infection
        3) Trigger inflammation and cell death and resulting in painful
        
        Localized lesions on the skin 2–12 days after infection
        
        Cause infected cells to fuse with uninfected neighboring
        cells to a syncytium
        
        Painful, itchy, creeping skin lesions on the lips, called fever blisters or cold sores.
        
        Severe infections in which the lesions extend into the oral cavity, called herpetic gingivostomatitis
        
        Develop herpetic pharyngitis, in which the pharynx becomes infected and inflamed.
        
        Immunosuppressed individuals may develop herpes esophagitis, characterized by
        extremely painful and difficult swallowing, fever, and sometimes chills
        
        Penciclovir or Acyclovir
        
        Avoid direct contact with infected individuals
  - - - 1) Viruses enter the blood stream and spread to the liver.
        2) They infect the hepatocytes and multiply.
        3) They change the antigen structure on the virus site.
        4) The body begins to use self-mediated immune response attempting to damage the hepatocytes.
        
        Jaundice
        
        Abdominal pain
        
        Fatigue
        
        Fever
        
        Vomiting
        
        Weight loss
        
        Alpha interferon and nucleotide analogues help
        reduce levels of virus
        
        Good hygiene, avoid sharing needles
        (drugs, tattoo, piercing) and protected sex or
        abstinence.
        
        Vaccines are available against HAV and HBV
- - - - Campylobacter jejuni
        
        Penetrate the gastrointestinal mucus, which it does by using its high motility and spiral shape.
        
        The bacteria must then adhere to the gut enterocytes and once adhered can then induce diarrhoea by toxin release.
        
        Drink extra fluids as long as diarrhea lasts. Severe illness might need antibiotic treatment.
        
        Wash hands after handling uncooked poultry.
        
        Wash hands after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food.
    - - Clostridium difficile
        
        Toxin A – Breaks down the junctions holding cells of the colon’s mucous membrane together, which triggers inflammation and allows loss of fluid.
        
        Toxin B – Kill colon cells, cause lesion that form
        pseudomembrane.
        
        Probiotic intake in diet
        
        Fecal transplant
        
        Avoid excessive use of antimicrobial drugs
        
        Basic sanitization – Spores are highly infectious
        
        Nausea
        Vomiting
        Diarrhea
        
        Abdominal pain
        
        Cramps
        
        Dysentery produces loose
        
        Frequent stool containing mucus
        and blood
    - - Escherichia coli
        
        Shiga-like toxins - Inhibit protein synthesis, kill cells, kidney failure, resulting in death.
        
        Shiga-like toxin attaches to the surfaces of neutrophils and is spread by.
        
        Antidiarrheal drugs prolong the symptoms
        
        Avoid dairy product – temporary lactose intolerant
    - - Salmonella enterica
        
        1) Serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi cause typhoid fever
        2) Serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium cause
        salmonellosis
        
        Adhesins – Enable to attach to intestinal cells
        
        They use type III secretion systems to introduce toxins
        into a host’s cells.
        
        Toxins disrupt mitochondria, inhibit phagocytosis,
        rearrange the cytoskeletons of eukaryotic cells, or
        induce apoptosis.
        
        Antimicrobial drugs, generally ceftriaxone
        and ciprofloxacin
        
        Wash hands.
        
        Keep the food preparation areas clean.
        
        Avoid unpasteurized foods.
        
        Cook and store food at the appropriate temperatures.
        
        Be careful when handling animals.
    - - Shigella, Gram-negative non-motile Bacillus
        
        Produce type III secretion systems - Insert into a host cell’s cytoplasmic membrane, form a channel introduce bacterial
        proteins into the host cell.
        
        Diarrhoea producing enterotoxins - Bind to surface proteins on epithelial cells lining the intestines, trigger the loss of
        electrolytes and water (similar to cholera toxin).
        
        Shiga toxin - Exotoxin that stops protein synthesis in a host’s cells
        
        Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
        
        People with bloody diarrhea should not use anti-diarrheal medication, such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil).
        
        Antibiotics can shorten the time you have fever and diarrhea by about 2 days.
        
        Wash hands with soap and water.
        
        Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes or swimming pools.
    - - Vibrio cholerae
        
        Transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
        
        Vibrios are sensitive to acid and most die in the stomach.
        
        Surviving virulent organisms may adhere to and colonize the small bowel, where they secrete the potent cholera enterotoxin.
        
        Rice-water stool- Colorless, odorless, and flecked
        with mucus, which looks like bits of rice
        
        Fluid and electrolyte replacement and
        administration of doxycycline
        
        Be sure to drink and use safe water. Use bottled water to brush teeth, wash and prepare food.
        
        Wash hands often with soap and safe water. Before, during, and after preparing food.
        
        Clean up safely
  - - - Caused by the action of enterotoxins on the secretory mechanisms of the mucosa of the small intestine, without invasion.
        
        Foods commonly associated with staphylococcal food poisoning include processed meats, custard pastries, potato salad, and ice cream.
        
        Stimulate intestinal muscle contractions, trigger nausea and cause intense vomiting.
        
        The enterotoxins are heat stable, remaining functional at 100°C for up to 30 minutes, which means they are not usually inactivated by warming or reheating food.
        
        Replacement of lost fluids.
        
        Antibiotics.
        
        Wash hands and work surfaces before, during and after preparing food. Germs can survive in many places around the kitchen, including hands, utensils, cutting boards and countertops.
  - - - The virus uses the enterocyte to replicate, leading to interference with brush border enzyme production, which in turn leads to malabsorption and osmotic diarrhea. Additionally,
        
        Viral toxins lead to direct damage and cell lysis of enterocytes and intestinal villa, causing a transudative loss of fluid into the intestine.
        The loss of cell function can lead to electrolyte abnormalities which are caused by the loss of transporter functionality. That can lead to acid-base disturbances as well.
        
        The virus is then shed through feces and occasionally in the vomitus.
        
        Replace lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration or treat mild dehydration.
        
        Frequent hand-washing
        
        Prompt disinfection of contaminated surfaces
        
        Prompt washing of soiled articles of clothing
        
        Avoiding food or water that is thought to be contaminated.