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Pigozzi - Coggle Diagram
Pigozzi
Medical risk of substances abuse
World Anti Doping Agency = WADA
peptide hormones, GFs, related substances & mimetics
EPO
purpose: increase production of erythrocytes -> oxygen transfer
side effect: increased blood viscosity = risk of thromboembolic
GH & LH
side effects of GH & gonadotrophins (anabolic agents)
gynaecomastia
atrophy of testis
glucose intolerance
arthralgias
acromegaly
CV disease (cardiac hypertrophy/collagen increase/fibrosis/cell infiltration, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, mortality
risk of cancer
corticotrophins
corionic gonadotrophin hCG
beta 2 agonists
side effects
tremor of handy, redness of skin, palpitations
headache, insomnia, restleness, anorexia
CV side effects (myocardial ischemia, arrhythmic events, congestive heart failure, sudden death)
anabolic agents
anabolic androgenic stereoids
purposes
enhance athletic performance
improve physical appearance
increase muscle mass
side effects
tendon ruptures, rhabdomyolisis, prematore closure of epiphyses
alteration of mood, irritability, aggressiveness
modification of sex characteristics
liver cancer
CV diseases
feminization of males & vice versa
other anabolic agents (clenbuterol, SARMs) -> e.g. Clenbuterol, osilodrostat, ractopamine, selective androgen receptor modulators, zeranol & zilpaterol
clenbuterol
purposes
reduces degradation & promoting MPS
anabolic & lipolytic properties
side effects
tachycardia, palpitations, tremors
anxiety
hypokalemia, hyperglycemia
SARMs (selective androgen-receptor modulators)
reduce androgenic properties of steroids
unknown side effects
hormone & metabolic modulators
non approved substances
diuretics and masking agents
stimulants
narcotics -> reduce pain & improve performance
cannabinoids
glucocorticosteroids
P1-beta blockers
P1-beta-blockers (decrease tremor) prohibited in competitions
manipulation of blood & blood components
chemical & physical manipulation
gene & cell doping
Nutritional supplements
direct ergogenic effect
rely on theoretical or anecdotal support
greater amounts than food
supported only if scientific trial
quality control
contaminated with steroids
sudden cardiac death (SCD) in sports & doping
often doping
Essential areas in the protection of the clean athlete
peak performance without
potection of health
education
medical assistance
research
prevention
Gene doping
Exploitation of results of gene therapy
artificial genes (cancer, healthy copies, etc.)
Gene manipulation
Gene doping
direct injection of DNA in muscle
insertion of genetically modified cells
introduction of artificial gene by use of a virus
detection of gene doping -> almost impossible
