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Urban Issues - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Rural -> Urban
        Push Factors:
        •Desertification
        •Schools don't offer many opportunities
        •Poor harvest
        •Farming is poorly paid
        •Isolated
        Pull Factors
        •Well paid jobs
        •Better hospitals
        •More entertainment
        •Friends/Family already live there
        •Better chance at education
        •Better public transport
- - - - Education
        Challenges:
        •ONLY half of all children continue education past age 14
        •Most drop out, some get involved in drug trafficking
        •Level of school enrolment is low
        •Shortage of schools
        •Shortage of teachers
        •Poor training for teachers
        •Lack of money
        Opportunities:
        •Encouraging volunteers in local schools
        •Giving school grants to poor families so their young can stay in school
        •Giving money to run free lessons in volleyball, swimming and squash (Sport careers)
        •Opening private University in Rocinha Favela
      - Healthcare
        Challenges:
        •Only 55% have access to health clinic
        •West of Rio - Life expectancy as low as 45years
        •Services for the elder and pregnant are really poor
        •Difficlut for sick/injured to access hospitals due to little road access
        Opportunities:
        •Santa Marta is 13km to local Hospital
        •Medical staff taken healthcare kits to peoples homes
        •Doctors were able to find/treat 20 different diseases
        •Life expectancy increased
        •Infant mortality decreased
      - Water Supply
        Challenges:
        •12% of city has no running water
        •Poor sewage system
        •Lack of water supply
        •Leaky pipes/Stolen water
        Opportunities:
        •New water treatment plants built
        •New water pipes
      - Energy Supply
        Challenges:
        •Suffer frequent blackouts due to shortage of electricity
        •Demand increase due to growing population
        •Olympics made it worse
        •Illegal tapping into main supply (Stealing & Unsafe)
        •People not paying for it
        •Electricity companies losing money- can't make more
        Opportunities:
        •New power lines installed
        •Nuclear generator installed
        •Hydro-electric complex which increased electricity supply by 30%
    - - Unemployment
        Challenges:
        •Growth of job opportunities, wide contrast with wealth in Rio
        •Richest 1% earn 12% of total income in Rio
        •Poorest 50% earns only 13% of total income
        •Unemployment rate is over 20%
        •Most work in the informal economy (illegal, no contract, no fixed pay)
        •Make a living any way they can: vendors, drivers, labourers, maids, handicraft, ect
        •Seasonal jobs (earn more money in summer due tourism)
        •Working in informal sector is poorly paid (Less than £60 per month)
        •1/3 of Rio's 3.5million workers don't have formal employment contract
        •Many don't have any Insurance
        •Do not pay taxes and government receives no income
        •Covid offered unemployment, causing homelessness
        
        Unemployed
        Opportunities:
        •'Schools of Tomorrow' aim to improve education for young, keep children in school past age 14, aim to reduce youth unemployment
        •Courses for adults/teenage parents
        •Send kids to school, give more skill based courses
        •Teenage parents get given free child care
      - Crime
        Challenges:
        •Robbery and Violent crime present great challenges in Rio (Murder, Kidnapping, Armed assault, carjacking occur regularly)
        •Street crime is a problem especially at night.
        •Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas
        
        Crime
        Opportunities:
        •Pacifying Police Unit established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
        •Police have taken control over 30 smaller favelas
        •Police are very well trained
        •People living in these areas think its attack on their freedom
        •Lowered crime-rate
        •Increasing property values and growing tourism are positive results against their fight against crime in favelas
        •GPS telling you where shootings are or have been (safety)
        Minor issues - Opportunities
        •During Olympics school shootings went down due to more police units
        •Due to not enough money, some police left after the Olympics
        •Police only target favelas near Olympic sites
        •Police are corrupt/can be paid off by gangs
        
        Pacifying Police
        •Encouraged to kill
        •17% rise in police killing
        •Police have snipers in helicopters
        •Lots of Favela homes have bullet holes
        •Police used to be more caring, not anymore
        •Its like they are going to war
        •"Main aim" is to preserve life (save life)
        •If they kill anyone they don't go prison
        •Wrong attitude towards the people
        •People are too scared to talk to the police
    - - Air Pollution
        Challenges:
        •Causes 5000 deaths a year
        •Causes asthma and heart issues
        •Brown smog caused by heavy traffic/congestion
        •Build up of exhaust fumes
        •Rios car ownership increased to 44%
        •Traffic congestion increases pollution
        •Number of cars increased due to wealth•Rio is the most congested city in South America
        •Their fuel is more sustainable + made of sugarcane
        Opportunities:
        •Toll Roads: More lanes/ Less congestion/ Have to pay/ Reduces traffic
        •Metro System: Electric/ Holds more people/ Less air pollution/ Quicker & More direct/ Environmentally friendly
        •One Way System: Moves the cars to one area (problem moved elsewhere/ Coastal roads/ Increase traffic flow
      - Waste Pollution
        Challenges:
        •Favelas are on steep hills so its difficult to pick up all the trash
        •Low roads (rate trucks can't get everywhere)
        •Social : Waste collectors aren't trusted
        •Rat infestation -> causes diseases like cholera
        •Flees on Rats can spread and make diseases -> Black Death
        •Water contamination
        Opportunities:
        •Power plant which collects methane from rotting rubish
        •The power plant consumes 30tonnes of rubbish a day and provides enough electricity for 1000 homes
        
        Environmental Solution
        Biogas Power Station
        
        The rubbish is collected and left to somewhat rot - This is sustainable
        
        That then releases methane which is turned into a source of energy (Biogas)
        
        That then creates electricity
        
        As more rubbish gets dumped, the process gets repeated
        
        The solution generates enough power for 1000 homes
      - Water Pollution
        Challenges:
        •Rivers flow through favelas
        •Plastic/Chemicals/Furniture
        •Destroys mangroves (trees which grown in water, providing ecosystems and coastal management)
        •Government cancelled projects that help fix things and don't care (long term impact)
        •All rubbish stretches kilometres along coastline
        Opportunities:
        •Volunteers come collecting trasg
        •Plastic projects
        •Small projects to start a change
        •12 new sewage plants
        •New sewage pipes constructed
        •Ships fined for dumping fuel into bay
      - Solar Energy (Opportunity)
        •Provides reliable, consistent and affordable energy