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ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH UNEQUAL FLOWS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION - Coggle Diagram
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH UNEQUAL FLOWS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION
The USA
Patterns of emigration and immigration
2018 44.7 million immigrants living in the USA- 13.7% of total population
Main contributors Mexico (25%) India (6%) and China (6%)
Positive immigration policies and possibility of green card
employment
education
family reunification
Net migration gain but 2018 4.8 million us citizens living abroad- Mexico Canada UK
Highly skilled workers in IT and communications
Latin Americans returning to families
Migration policies
Immigration and Naturalisation Act
Allows annual limit of 675,000 permanent immigrants
Refugee admissions
480,000 visas avaliable per year for families
140,000 visas avaliable to those with valuable skills
Visas for refugee protections is decided each year
Diversity Immigrant Visa Program- 50,000 visas annually by random selection from countries with low immigration rates to the US
Temporary visas for those escaping natural disasters and conflicts
Interdependence with other countries
Largest bilateral migrant corridor between USA and Mexico
2018 over 38.5 million Mexicans lived in the USA
2010 738,100 Americans in Mexico
Each of the countries has its largest diaspora living in the other- growing connectivity
Low skilled workers from Mexico contribute to the economy in agriculture and and construction as wages are much higher- opportunity for remittances
$25.2 billion in 2015 - 2.2% of mexicos GDP
North American Free Trade agreement has developed bilateral trade
Reciprocal merchandise accounts for $1.4 billion a day
Mexican aerospace and IT has been boosted by American FDI
Imbalanced political power relations but co-ordination over common issues like drugs, human trafficking, and environmental issues
Opportunities and challenges created by migration
More immigrants from Asia to LA NY and FL are providing opportunities
Opportunities
Taking low-paid jobs unattractive to natives- 29% of Mexican immigrants work in service 26% in construction and 21% in transport
Highly skilled professionals- professors, scientists, atheletes, researchers etc
Business and sciences main employment of immigrants from India (76%) and China (54%)
Mostly young working age people - social benefit and contribution to tax base and consuming where population is ageing
Challenges
10.9 million undocumented immigrants
Homeland security having to tighten southern maritime and borders with more patrol agents and new bills affording stronger legal mechanisms for security screening and counter terrorism
Uneven progress in integration of immigrant groups into society- undocumented immigrants further prevent social cohesion and economic intergration
Immigrant populations concentrated in particular areas can cause supply issues as they are often neglected e.g water in Southern California
Laos
Patterns of emigration and Immigration
1.1 migrants per 1000- net loss
Remittances provide income but human trafficking is a problem
2013 1.29 mill Laos born people lives abroad mainly in Thailand but only 20,000 non Laos lived in Laos
Reasons for emigration to Thailand-
alternative occupation
insufficient land in Laos
higher minimum wage
remittances
demand for unskilled labour in Thailand
Migration policies
2013 36% of the population were under 15- increasing forced entry into the work force and sex exploitation but government policies have been ineffective as many young migrants do not obtain documentation
National plan of Action for Human Trafficking - Lao PDR
Prevention through campaign and education as well has poverty alleviation and reducing the need to migrate
Shelters for returning women, reintegration of returning migrants
Training border officials, persecution of trafficking networks
ASEAN economic community allows freer movement of skilled labour - nursing dentistry medicine etc have freedom e to move after 5 years of working in their country of origin
Interdependence on other countries
Laos Thailand corridor dominated by outward movement of unskilled Laotians to work in Thailand- remittances assist Laos
Friendship bridge helps strength communication and trade - Laos has access to the sea from Thailand and Thailand has funded a health amend drugs development and treatment centre in Laos
Work together to manage flooding and hydro power
Agreement to build rail links
Opportunities and challenges
Opportunities
Laos Thailand is largest corridor in ASEAN and has situated cooperation
Cooperation with Vietnam - over 400 investment projects in Laos
Remittances help families in work and the home
Political stability
Challenges
Vulnerability of young uneducated and unskilled migrants to trafficking and forced labour- policy is difficult to implement
Loss of skilled labour to Thailand
Poor working conditions hinder growth of garment industry
LIDC in south east Asia- 73% in agriculture, communist but is encouraging private enterprise