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Chapter 2 Cognitive Aspects - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2 Cognitive Aspects
Cognition
Involves several processes including attention, memory, perception and learning
Cognition process
Attention
Perception and recognition
Memory
Learning
Reading, speaking and listening
Problem-solving, planning, reasoning and decision-making
Attention/intention
Selecting things to concentrate on point in time from the mass of stimuli around us
Allows to focus on information that is relevant to what doing
Involves audio and visual senses
Focussed and divided attention enables us to be selective in terms of the mass of competing stimuli but limits our ability to keep track of all events.
Information at the interface should be structured to capture attention eg: colour, reverse video, sound and flashing lights.
Perception
Text should be legible
Icons should be easy to distinguish and read
Memory
Involves first encoding and then retrieving knowledge
Involve filtering and processing what is attended to
Context is important in affecting our memory
Processing in memory
Encoding is first stage of memory
The more attention paid to something, the more it's processed in terms of thinking about it and comparing with other knowledge
The more likely it is to be rememberd
Mental Models
Users develop an understanding of a system through learning about and using it
Knowledge is sometimes described as a mental model
People make inferences using mental models of how to carry out tasks.
Craik described as internal constructions of some aspect of the external world enabling predictions to be made.
Involves unconscious and conscious processes (images and analogies)
Deep versus shallow models
Information Processing
Encoding
Comparison
Response selection
Response execution
Why need to understand users?
Interacting with technology is cognitive
Need to take into account cognitive processes involved and cognitive limitations of users.
Provides knowledge about what users can and cannot be expected to do
Identifies and explains the nature and causes of problems users encounter
Supply theories, modelling tools, guidance and methods that can lead to the design of better interactive products
Design Implication
Icons should enable users to readily distinguish
Bordering and spacing are effective visual ways of grouping information
Sounds should be audible and distinguishable
Speech output should enable users to distinguish between set of spoken words.
Text should be legible and distinguishable from background
Tactile feedback should allow users to recognise and distinguish different meaning
Attention
Make Information salient when it needs attending to
Use techniques that make things stand out like color, ordering, spacing, underling, sequencing and animation
Avoid cluttering the interface with too much information
Avoid using too much because the software allows it
Context
Context affects the extent to which information can be subsequently
Can be difficult for people to recall information that was encoded in different context
Cognitive frameworks
Internal
Mental models
Information processing
Gulf of execution and evaluation
External
Distributed cognition
External cognition
Embodied interaction
Human Information Processing
Types of processors
Perceptual
Cognitve
Motor processors
Types of Memory
working memory
Long-term memory