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:flag-gb:WORD CLASSES - Coggle Diagram
:flag-gb:WORD CLASSES
NOUNS
Most central category
Isolate + place
the
in front of it
Common nouns : concrete nouns , abstract nouns
Proper nouns : name something unique, capital letter
It is possible for nouns to modify other nouns
LEXICAL VERBS
Most important aspect of language
Dynamic verbs: refer to physical processes
Stative verbs: refers to state and conditions
To check : make a contest between present tense and past tense
Auxiliary verbs
: Occur before the lexical verb/ head verb
Primary auxiliaries: have, be, do
Modal auxiliaries: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, used to
Express the degree of certainty associeted with the lexica verb : epistemic function
Expressing the degree of oggligation : demotic function
Stating facts: dynamic function
Lexical verbs: full or main verbs
ADJECTIVES
Central adjectives :
can occur before a noun, function is attributive (they give us informations abt an attribute of the noun)
Occur after certain verbs (copular verbs ), predicative
Are gradable
Can be graded Using intensifiers (very, fairy..)
Can occur at both
SEMANTIC
characteristics :
are use to give more information about something
word classes that share the same semantic meaning:
articles
(a, the) give information abt nouns. In terms of this function we can put them on the same level
Relative clauses (that,.. ), specify nouns
prepositional phrases, gives an added piece of information
MORPHOLOGICAL
characteristics
adj can occur in a
simple
form (
rich
): we can’t break them down
complex forms
DERIVED
adj (they can be divided into pieces and analyse, made of more than one lexeme )
beautiful
Participial adj : -
ed
describes how someone feels (
relaxed
), -
ing
describes the situation that cause a feeling (
relaxing
)
COMPOUND
adj
good-looking
Combination of more than one word, resulting in a compact expression of information
not so difficult to decode unless they are idiomatic.
Defiousion
(what typically happens when translating into italian, we need to unpack and expand the English expression)
condensation
(when we start from italian and translated into english we start following italian long style but to make the text more natural we need to compound some expressions
compound adì with typical collocations:
air-conditioned room, duty-free items top-secret information, part-time job
Bahuvrihil
Descriptive labels to living things, some of them can be metaphorical.
Adj that describe personality or appearance -ed ending
traduciamo in italiano con dai
Long-haired dai capelli lunghi
Usually hyphenated
when a linguistic structure which is not an adj becomes an adjective thanks to the position they occur e in.
when a clause is used as an adj, productive way to compress information,
20-years-old sara
when we turn an expression into a noun the final
s
drops.
a 2 hour drive
NOUNS MODIFIERS
possibility for nouns in eng to modify or specify other nouns, nouns that can functions as adj
car park, bus stop, family member
il primo nome specifica il secondo (head noun)
attributive nouns, nouns adjunctions
the only morphological addiction we can use is the
comparative
costruttive
added to the base form only if its short (
shorter
)
if the base is long we use a different structure : more +adj
phrasal comparison
:
more beautiful or the most beautiful.
IRREGULAR forms of comparison
SYNTACTIC
characteristics
When an adj precedes a noun it is a case of
attributive
adj position
When an adj follows a verb we are in front of a
predicative
adj
the verb is a
copulative
verb (to be..
Adj
COLLOCATION
collocations are words that tend to occur together
noun that in a specific context then to co-occur with a particular adjective
Some adj tend to co-occur with given structures or prepositions, crystallize collocations.
To be good at
the way a words works in a larger context
ORDER
fixed order: Determiners Opinions Size Age shape Colour nationality Material qualifier
Less objective to more objective order
We can decide to change the fixed order depending on what we consider important
slight changes can occur, they can be specific ways of expressing specific situations
Order is dictated by the intended meaning
adv+adj+colour adj+ participle+n+head n (tendency no rules)
some adj are conjoined with good or nice to intensify the meaning
Some adj occur with other adj joined with and , It’s a multi-word lexical word with only one meaning.
Fair and square (directly, rightful, honestly
BINOMIAL ADJ
two word forms which belong to the same word class and are linked by a grammatical item, frequently
and
1 more item...
Only if the good + adj is in the predicative position we have the intensifier feature.
ADVERBS
Not central
Have a describing purpose
Give informations about how where and when, also allow to comment
Adverbs f manner: tell how
Adverbs of place: indicate locations
Adverbs of time: denote when
Adverbs of degree : indcate extent
To cheek: if the word cannot appear in attributive position then it is an adverb
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
Relate one sentence or one part of a sentence to another
Property of linking two words sentence togheter
Relate to the sentence
Give additional informations
Have to do with verbs (different from adjective that modifies a noun)
PRONOUNS
Can function as a substitutes for nouns
Can Refers to what is unknown
primary pronouns
Personal
pronouns
subjective form (
I, you, we
)
objective form (
me, you, us
)
possessiv
pronouns
dependent form
independent form
reflexive
(
himself, themself
)
used for emphasis
Generic
pronouns (
one
) very formal
Wh-pronouns: interrogative, relative, nominal relative, conditional
Indefinite
pronouns
either, neither, both, each, enough, much, many more, most, few, little, several , another
Demonstrative
pronouns:
this that these those
relative
pron. are used to introduce relative clauses
PREPOSITIONS
Used to show the relationship between two elements (
under, into
..)
Normally followed by noun phrases with which they form a prepositional phrase
Simple preposition is a singular words such as under..
Complex preposition consists of two or 3 words
(on behalf, according to
)
CONJNCTIONS
Used to join linguistic elements
Coordinators :
and , but,or
, join words, phrases and clauses of a similar status
Subordinators: join clauses , occur at the beginning of clauses , form complex sentences, introduces a clause (grammatical unit with a verb)
INTERJECTIONS
