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SEEDS, DEFINITIONS for SEEDS, Fruits, Seed dispersal, Earliest seed,…

- - - - Seed plants
        
        Primitive ovule
        
        ~360mya
        
        8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
        
        Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        Free from nucellus/ megasporangium
        
        Lobate integuments
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Progymnosperms (extinct)
        
        Gymnosperms
        
        Seed ferns (extinct)
- - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
      - 2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
      - 5+ carpels
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
      - Male plants
      - Female plants
      - Shrub
    - - Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
      - Floral axis shortened
      - Original spiral arrange no longer evident
      - Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior → inferior
      - Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - Radial symmetry →irregularity
  - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
      - Sepals, sterile
      - Petals, sterile
      - Stamens, male fx
      - Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
      - Petals
        
        Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
        
        Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
        
        Attract pollinators.
        
        Collectively are a corolla.
        
        Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
        
        Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Microspores
      - Undergo mitosis
      - form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
      - Pollen grains
      - Carpels
        
        Megasporophyll
        
        Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
        
        Stigma catches pollen grains.
        
        Style elevates the stigma.
        
        Ovary where megaspores are produced.
        
        Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
        
        After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
  - - - Color
        
        COLOR
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Scent
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
        
        May have scent glands
        
        eg roses
      - Shape
        
        SHAPE
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        eg sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
      - Bloom time
        
        BLOOM BOOM
        
        Diurnal
        
        Day time
        
        Nocturnal
        
        Night time
      - Rewards, eg nectar
        
        Rewards
        
        Nectar
        
        Pollen
        
        Oil
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
      - Superior
      - Carpel above
      - Inferior
      - Receptacle surrounds carpel
      - Carpel below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
      - Hypogynous
      - Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
      - ex lilies
      - Epigynous
      - Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
      - ex apple flower
      - Perigynous
      - Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
      - ex cherry flower
    - - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
      - Male = androecious
      - Female = gynoecious
    - - Inflorescence
      - Taxonomic importance
      - Various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
        Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
        Attract pollinators.
        Collectively are a corolla.
        Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
        Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Perigynous
      - Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
- - - - Wind
      - No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
      - Small
      - Most have no petals
      - Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
- - - - Cantharophily
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        White, to dull white or green
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during the day
        
        Moderate nectar producers
        
        May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Chiropterophily
        
        Bat
        
        Open at night;
        
        Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
        
        Pale or white in color;
        
        Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
        
        Copious dilute nectar.
    - - Ornithophily
        
        Bird
        
        Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        Have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
        
        Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
    - - Myophily
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
        
        Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
        
        Nectar guides not present
        
        Produce pollen
        
        Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
    - - Phaelonophily
        
        Moth
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
        
        Tubular corollas
    - - Psychophily
        
        Butterfly
        
        In clusters and provide landing platforms
        
        Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Nectar guides present
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Melittophily
        
        Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
        
        Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
        
        Provide landing platforms
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
        
        Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
        
        Full of nectar
        
        Bee