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Kaylen Manriquez Period 5 Muscular system - Coggle Diagram
Kaylen Manriquez
Period 5
Muscular system
Disorders associated with the Muscular system
Muscular Dystrophy:
muscle weakness and pain.
Cause: genetics, becker, myotnic
Symptoms: muscle weakness, loss of strength, mental retardation
Treatment: physical therapy, medication, surgery
Fibromyalgia
: muscle pain
Causes: physical trauma, sleep disturbances, infection
Symptoms: muscle pain, tendon points, fatigue
treatment: massage, relaxation techniques, medication
Myasthenia Gravis
: neuromuscular disorder that blocks neurotransmitters
Causes: autoimmune, possible tumor of thyms, age
symptoms: muscle weakness, shortness of breath, facial paralysis
treatment: medication, thynectomy
Cerebral palsy:
spastic paralysis causing muscle weakness
causes: brain injury, hypoxia, premature birth
symptoms: seizures, paralysis, mild to severe
Myositis
: inflammation of the muscle
causes: autoimmune, infection, muscle trauma
symptoms: swelling, tenderness, myalgia
treatment: medication, antibiotics
Sliding filament theory:
myosin filaments use energy from ATP to walk along the actin filament with their cross bridges
Skeletal muscles
facial muscles
zygomaticus
: draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, smiling
buccinator
: presses cheecks agasint teeth, whistling, blowing, sucking
orbicularis
oris
: kissing muscle, closes lips, shapes lips during speech
platysma: pouting, draws outer part of lower lips
epicarnius occipitalis: draws scalp posteriorly, fixes aponuerosis
orbicularis oris: closes eye
epicarnius frontalis: elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
levator palpabrae superioris: opens eye
masseter
: elevates mandible
temporalis
: elevates and retracts mandible
sternocleidomastiod: flex cervical vertebrae and head, neck
splenius: extend head
abdomen
external and internal oblique: compress abdomen, laterally flex and rotate vertebral column
transversus abdominis: compress abdomen
rectus abdominis: flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen
breathing
diaphragm: inpiration
internal
external intercostals: elevate ribs during inspiration
thorax and back
pectoralis minor: draws scapula forward and downward when ribs flexed
serratus anterior: holds scapula against chest
pectoralis major: flexes arm, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
infraspinatus: laterally rotates arm, stabilizes shoulder
teres minor: stabalizes shoulder
latissimus dorsi: extends arm, adducts arm, draws arm posteriorly and inferiorly
trapezius: stabalize scapula, superior fibers elevate scapula and extend head
medially rotates arm
deltoid: abducts arm, anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm
upper limb
Pronates forearm, weakly flexes
forearm
Flexor carpi radialis: Flexes hand, abducts hand
Pronator teres:
Palmaris longus: Weakly flexes hand
Brachioradialis: Flexes forearm, stabilizes elbow
Flexor carpi ulnaris: Flexes hand, adducts hand, stabilizes
wrist
triceps brachii: extends forearm
Flexor digitorum
superficialis: Flexes middle phalanx of each finger
at proximal interphalangeal joint
Brachialis: Flexes forearm
Extensor carpi
radialis : Extends hand, abducts hand
Biceps brachii: Flexes forearm, supinates forearm,
flexes arm
Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extends hand, adducts hand
Extensor digitorum: Extends fingers (PM), extends hand
Flexor pollicis brevis: Flexes thumb at carpometacarpal and
metacarpophalangeal joint
Abductor pollicis
brevis: Abducts thumb at carpometacarpal
joint
buttock and lower limb
Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes foot (PM), inverts foot
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus and bicep femoris Flexes leg, extends thigh
Dorsiflexes foot, Extends toes (PM)
at metatarsophalangeal joint
Tensor fasciae latae: Flexes thigh, abducts thigh, medially
rotates thigh
Fibularis (Peroneus)
longus: Plantar flexes foot, everts foot
Sartorius: Flexes leg, flexes thigh, abducts
thigh, laterally rotates thigh
Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexes foot, flexes leg
Pectineus: Flexes thigh, adducts thigh
Adductors: Adducts thigh, flexes thigh, medially
rotates thigh
Gracilis: Adducts thigh, flexes leg
Vastus medialis and Vastus lateralis : Extends leg
Soleus: Plantarflexes foot
Gluteus medius: Abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh,
stabilizes pelvis
Gluteus maximus: Extends thigh, laterally rotates thigh,
abducts thigh
types of muscles and muscle coverings
smooth
: spindle shaped, no striations - organs
skeletal
: striations- bones - nerve and blood supply - nerves controlling fibers, artery, veins - acquiring oxygen and nutrients - waste products removed
cardiac
: straiations, intercalated disks - walls of heart
muscle tissue
contractility: shorten forcibly
extensibility: stretches
excitability: respond to stimuli
elasticity: recoil
Muscle functions
produce movement
posture and position
stabilize joints
generate heat
sheaths
epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue
perimysium: fibrous connective tissue - fascicles
endomysium: areolar connective tissue
attachments
origin: attachment to immovable or less bone
insertion: attachment with movable bone
action potential in a muscle fiber
motor unit
: consists of one motor unit and all muscle fibers, the nerve muscle functional unit, muscle fibers spread throughout muscle
muscle twitch:
simple contraction resulting from a muscle fibers response to a simple action potential from a motor neuron
Isotonic contraction:
muscle changes in length and nerves load, muscle shortens
Isometric contraction:
load is greater than the maximum tension muscle can generate, muscle neither shortens or lengthens
muscle fatigue:
ionic imbalances, decreased glycon, impaired blood flow, lack of ATP
Factors of a muscle
number if muscle fibers stimulated:
the more motor units recruited the greater the force
relative size of fibers:
the bulkier muscle, more tension develops, muscle cells increase in size
3.
frequency of stimulation:
higher the frequency the greater the force, stimuli are added together
degree of muscle stretch:
muscle fibers with sacromere that are 80-110% their normal resting length generate more force
aerobic exercise
: jogging swimming, biking leads to increased
muscle capillaries
number of mitochondria
myoglobin synthesis
glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers
resistance exercise:
weight lifting leads to
muscle hypertrophy
increase in fiber size
increased mitochondria, myofilaments, glycogon stores to connective tissue
neuromuscular junction
ACH binding to receptors, opens gates, allowing Na+ to enter resulting in end plate potential
acetylcholinesterase degrades ACH
ACH diffuses across to ACH receptors (Na+ chemical) on sacrolemma
calcium entry causes release of ACH nuerotransmitter into synaptic cleft
voltage gated calcium channels open, calcium enters motor neuron
AP arrives at axon terminal
Sacrolemma: (muscle fiber membrane) resting sarcolemma polarized, voltage exists across membrane
depolarization:
generation and propagation of an action potential
action potenital spreads across sarcolemma from one voltage gated Na+ channel to the next one, following area depolarizes
r
epolarization:
restoration of resting conditions
sodium voltage gated channels close and open
potassium efflux out of cells rapidly, back to resting membrane voltage
refractory period:
muscle fiber cannot be stimulated for specific amount of time till repolarization is completed
end plate potential
ach released from motor neuron binds to ACH receptors on sarcolemma
chemically gated ion channels
Cross bridge cycling
cross bridge formation: high energy myosin head attaches to actin thin filament site
working (power) stroke: myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line
cross bridge detachment: ATP attaches to myosin head causing cross bridge to detach
cocking of myosin head: energy from hydrolysis of ATP cocks myosin head into high energy state
skeletal muscle contraction
muscle fiber excitation
excitation contraction coupling
cross bridge cycling
events at neuromuscular junction
sacromere: smallest contractile unit muscle fiber
