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Botany Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Free from nucellus and megasporangium
    - - 8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
      - ~360mya
  - - - Increased protection
      - Herbivory
      - Desiccation
  - - - ~360mya
      - 4-5 lobes fused basal third
  - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
    - - Megaspores (megagametophyte)
      - Microspore (microgametophyte
      - Found in some non-seed plants
    - - First integument telomes
      - Second integument phyllad origin
    - - Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
    - - Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
      - Micropyle
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy, embryo develops within
    - - Multicellular free
        
        Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
        
        Reduced over time
      - Antheridia
        
        Sperm development within antheridia
        
        Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
      - Flagellated sperm
        
        For swimming
      - Pollen
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Dispersal no longer requires water
        
        Exine prevents desiccation
        
        Some with air bladders
        
        Transportaation by wind
      - Haustoria pollen tubes
        
        Tubes feeding on nucellus
        
        Provide nutrients to developing sperm
        
        Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
      - Direct delivery
        
        Direct delivery of sperm to the egg
        
        Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
      - Reduced
        
        Angiosperm, 3-celled
        
        Tube cell
        
        Generative cell
        
        Microspore within microsporangium
        
        Mitosis within microspore wall
        
        Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
      - Ovule diversity
        
        Gymnosperm
        
        Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
        
        Nested doll
        
        Integument (1)
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megasporangium
        
        Archegonium
        
        Eggs
        
        Pine Ovule
        
        Ovule on megasporophyll
        
        1 microsporocyte
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Nesting doll
        
        Integument
        
        Nucellus
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
        
        Angiosperm ovule
        
        2 integuments
        
        Megasporangium = nucellus
        
        Megasporocyte reduced to one
        
        Megaspore reduced to one and retained
        
        Megagametophyte = egg sac
        
        Furniculum
        
        Lily Ovule
        
        1 megasporocyte
        
        1 megaspore
        
        2 integuments
        
        Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        .
        
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        Gymnosperm vs Angiosperm
        
        Both single megasporocyte
        
        Both single megaspore
        
        1 integument, 2 integuments
        
        Unique to Angiosperm
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
        
        Double fertilization
        
        Seeds
        
        Advantages
        
        Increased independence from free water reproduction
        
        Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
        
        Enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        Pollination drops
        
        Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
        
        Gymnosperm
        
        Pine example
        
        Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
        
        Several cotyledons
        
        Integument becomes seed coat
        
        Double-fertilization
        
        Pollen tube grows down style
        
        Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
        
        Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
        
        One sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        Zygote
        
        One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        Endosperm
        
        Monocot
        
        One cotyledon = scutellum
        
        Large amount of endosperm
        
        Corn example
        
        Integuments become seed coat
        
        Eudicot
        
        2 cotyledons
        
        Large amount of endosperm
        
        Integuments become seed coat
        
        Bean example
- - - - 2+ whorls of anthers
    - - 5+ carpels
  - - - Male plants
      - Female Plants
  - - - Original spiral arrange no longer evident
      - Floral parts often fused
    - - Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
  - - - Flowers are defined as a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
        
        Sepals, sterile
        
        Petals, sterile
        
        Stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis
        
        form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
    - - Carpel position
        
        Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior
        
        Inferior
        
        Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        examples: lilies
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        example: apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        example: cherry flower
      - Imperfect flowers
        
        Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
        
        Hermaphroditic = perfect
        
        Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
        
        Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
      - Display variation
        
        Inflorescence
        
        Taxonomic importance
        
        Various ways to ensure cross pollination
      - Pollination syndromes: trait modifications
        
        Major traits
        
        Color
        
        Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Shape
        
        Bloom time
        
        Rewards, eg nectar
        
        Color
        
        Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Scent
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
        
        May have scent glands
        
        example: roses
        
        Shape
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        Example: Sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Blooming time
        
        Diurnal (day)
        
        Nocturnal (night)
        
        Rewards
        
        Nectar
        
        Pollen
        
        Oil
        
        Pollination syndromes: types
        
        Major syndromes
        
        Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Hydrophily (water)
        
        Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
        
        Anemophily
        
        Wind
        
        No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        Small
        
        Most have no petals
        
        Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        Large amount of pollen
        
        Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        Hydrophily
        
        Water
        
        Copious pollen
        
        Small flowers
        
        Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
        
        Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
        
        Melittophily
        
        Bee
        
        Full of nectar
        
        Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
        
        Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Provide landing platforms
        
        Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
        
        Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
        
        Psychophily
        
        Butterfly
        
        In clusters and provide landing platforms
        
        Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Nectar guides present
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
        
        Phaelonophily
        
        Moth
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
        
        Tubular corollas
        
        Myophily
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
        
        Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
        
        Nectar guides not present
        
        Produce pollen
        
        Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
        
        Ornithophily
        
        Bird
        
        Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        Have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
        
        Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
        
        Chiropterophily
        
        Bat
        
        Open at night;
        
        Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
        
        Pale or white in color;
        
        Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
        
        Copious dilute nectar.
        
        Cantharophily
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        White, to dull white or green
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during the day
        
        Moderate nectar producers
        
        May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
        
        Deception
        
        May look like pollinator
        
        May smell like pollinator
        
        Uses trickery
        
        Usually no reward
        
        Saprophily included
        
        Fruits
        
        After double fertilization
        
        Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
        
        Zygote develops in embryo
        
        Integuments develop into a seed coat
        
        Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
        
        Fruit formation
        
        Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit.
        
        Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
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        Pericarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Exocarp
        
        Accessory fruits
        
        Any fruit with accessory tissue
        
        Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
        
        Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
        
        Parthenocarpic fruits
        
        Banana
        
        Western seedless watermelon
        
        Fruit development
        
        Simple Fruits
        
        Single carpel
        
        2+ united carpels
        
        Examples
        
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        Major fleshy types
        
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        Major dry types
        
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        Aggregate fruits
        
        Apocarpous gynoecium
        
        Carpel retains its identify in mature state
        
        Example
        
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        Multiple fruits
        
        Derived from an inflorescence
        
        Combined gynoecia of many flowers
        
        Example
        
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        Seed Dispersal
        
        Wind
        
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        Water
        
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        Animal
        
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        Self
        
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