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Patricia Gordon A&P 1 Skeletal System - Coggle…
Patricia Gordon A&P 1 Skeletal System
Types of bones
Long
long with expanded ends; examples : arm & leg bones
Short
almost equal in length; examples: bones of the wrist & ankles
Sesamoid (round) bones
small, nodular bones that develop within the tendon; special type of short bone; example: patella
Flat
plate-like shape with broad surface; examples: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
Irregular
varied in shape; examples: vertebrae, some facial bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Epiphysis
expanded ends of the bones;form joints with adjacent bones
Articular cartilage
covers the epiphysis
Diaphysis
the shaft of the bone
Periosteum
tough layer of dense connective tissue; covers the bone, & continuous ligaments & tendons
Medullary cavity
a hollow chamber, diaphysis contains this
Endosteum
thin layer of cells; medullary cavity is lined with this
Bone marrow
special type of connective tissue; meduallry cavity is filled with bone marrow
Bony processes
provide attachment sites for tendons & ligaments, openings or grooves for blood vessels & nerves, & depressions for articulation
Compact bone
very tightly packed tissue; makes up the wall of diaphysis
Spongy bone
consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocytes
bone cells
Lacunae
chambers
Lamellae
concentric circles of matrix
Central canal
cylindrical tube; contain blood vessels & nerves
Canaliculi
tiny canals
Extracellular matrix
consists mainly of collagen & inorganic salts
Osteons
cemented together
Perforating canals
help osteons share blood supply & nerves
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts resorb & osteroblasts deposit bone
remodeling process is controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Factors
Nutrition
Hormonal secretions
Physical exercise
Bone fracture repair
Rods
Wires
Nails
Screws
Plates
Hybrid fixator
Joints
Fibrous
composed of dense connective tissue; ex. the distal ends of tibia & fibula
Cartilaginous
composed of cartilage; ex. Joints between the bodies of
vertebrae, pubic symphysis
Synovial
having a complex structure
Ball & socket
ball shaped; ex head & shoulder
Condylar
Oval shaped; ex. joints btween the metacarpals & phalanges
Plane
articulating surfaces nearly flat & curved; ex. joints btween various bones of the wrist, ankle, btween ribs 2 & 7, etc.
Hinge
elbow, joints of phalanges
Pivot
joint btween the atlas & dens of the axis
Saddle
joint between the carpal & metacarpal of thumb
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Ball & socket; movements in all planes, including rotation
Condylar; variety of movements in two planes, but not rotation
Plane; sliding or twisting
Hinge; flexion & extension
Pivot; rotation around a central axis
Saddle; variety of movements, mainly in two planes
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female
female hip bones r lighter, thinner & have less evidence of muscular attatchments
Female obturator foramia are triangular
female acetabula is smaller and the pubic arch is wider
coccyx more moveable
sacrum is wider
sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly
Male
obturator foramina is oval
pubic arch is smaller
Names of all the bones
Frontalis - forehead; raises eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi - eyes; closes the eye
Temporalis - temples; closes jaw
Masseter - jaw; closes the jaw
Orbicularis oris - mouth; closes lips
Zygomaticus - cheekbone and mouth; raises the corner of the mouth
Sternocleidomastoid - sides of neck
Trapezius - back of neck and upper back
Pectoralis major - front upper chest; flexes, adducts, and rotates the shoulder medially
Serratus anterior - along ribs; accessory respiratory muscle; raises ribcage
External oblique - sides of abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column (superficial)
Rectus abdominis - middle of abdomen; abdominal muscle that flexes vertebral column (superficial)
Deltoid - shoulder; abduct, flex, extend and rotate the arm
Triceps brachii - back of upper arm; extends forearm at the elbow
Latissimus dorsi - majority of lower back; extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder
Gluteus medius - hips
Gluteus maximus - buttocks; extends thigh and back at the waist
Biceps brachii - front of upper arm (superficial)
Brachioradialis - sides of elbow; flexes and supinates the forearm at the elbow
Gracilis - inside thigh
Quadriceps - front of thigh
Tibialis anterior - shinbone
Soleus - back of leg (deep)
Gastrocnemius - back of leg (superficial)
Hamstring - back of thigh
Sartorius muscle - runs diagonal along front thigh
Buccinator - cheeks
Platysma - front of neck
Names of all the bones
Occipitalis - back of skull
Brachialis - front of arm (deep)
Rectus femoris - middle of front thigh
Vastus lateralis - lateral thigh
Vastus medialis - middle thigh
Bicep femoris - lateral back of thigh
Semitendinosus - medial back of thigh (superficial)
Semimembranosus - medial back of thigh (deep)
Fibularis longus - lateral lower leg
Disorders/diseases
Osteoarthritis
Osteogensis imperfecta
Osteosarcoma
Osteomyelitis
Paget's disease