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BONE, Vitamin D increases the absorption ability of phosphorus, Calcium…
BONE
is affected by
Minerals
consisting of
2 types of functions
Non-bone Roles
- Nerve transmission
- Muscle contraction
- Blood clotting
- Hypertension
Bone Roles
- Bone formation
- Bone maintenance
Toxicity
is caused by
Hyperparathyroidism (excess production of parathyroid hormones, kidneys conserve Ca in blood
-
-
Deficiency
leads to
Osteoporosis
symptoms
- Decreased bone density
- Bone fragility
- Increased risk of fractures
risk factors
- Age/Gender/Hormones
- Genetics/Race
- Physical activity
- Body weight
- Smoking and alcohol
- Calcium nutrition and associated nutrients
-
Absorption
increases by
- Active vitamin D present in intestinal cells
- Location in the small intestine (duodenum)
- Estrogen enhances the synthesis of active vitamin D
- Lactose
- Increased needs (periods of growth, pregnancy, etc)
- Young age
- Food intake
decreases by
- Food constituents
- High fibre diets
- Phytic acid in whole grains & legumes
- Oxalic acid in vegetables
- High fat intake
- Polyphenols
- Supplements
- Menopause
- Old age
Food Sources
- Hard water
- Stock made from bones
- Canned fish with bones
- Some green leafy vegetables
- Fortified plant-based beverages
- Milk
- Dairy products
- Tofu
Phosphorus
2 types of functions
Bone Roles
- Bone formation
- Bone maintenance
Non-bone Roles
- Fluid balance
- Blood phosphorus (buffer)
- Tissue phosphorus (phospholipids, lipoproteins, DNA, RNA, ATP, activates B-vitamin coenzymes)
Deficiency
unlikely with balanced and varied diet, but can see neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological, and renal malfunctioning
-
Food Sources
animal foods
- Fatty fish
- Canned fish with bones
- Tofu
- Milk
- Dairy products
plant foods
- Legumes
- Bran
- Cereal
- Nuts
- Whole grains
Functions
- Bone and teeth
- Stabilization of ATP
- Enzyme systems
- Neural Transmission
- Muscle contraction
- Blood clotting
- Hypertension
Food Sources
plant foods
- Whole grains
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Tofu
- Legumes
- Beans
- Green leafy vegetables
-
-
-
Deficiency
symptoms
- Hypertension
- Tetany
- Disorientation
- Weakness
- Irritability
- Loss of appetite
- Irregular heartbeat
develops slowly due to storage of Mg in bones (severe deficiency rarely seen in healthy individuals)
-
Toxicity
leads to
Fluorosis
-
in the skeleton causes
- Abnormal hardening of skeleton
- Bones brittle
- Osteoporosis
- Stiffness
- Pain in joints
Deficiency
leads to
dental caries (inability to chew properly or consume wide variety of foods) due to low Fluoride in water supply
Food Sources
- Brewed tea
- Water
- Seafood
- Seaweed
- Shellfish
- Fish, Sardines
Non-food Sources
- Toothpaste
- Mouthwash
- Chewing gum
-
Vitamins
consisting of
Functions
- Calcium mineralization of bone (needed for osteoclasts to produce osteocalcin - promotes Ca mineralization)
- Blood clotting
Toxicity
symptoms
- RBC hemolysis
- Jaundice
- Brain damage
rare as food sources are considered non-toxic, but excessive can hinder effects of anti-coagulant drugs
Deficiency
affects
infants
because
- No Vitamin K synthesis at birth (sterile gut)
- Low levels in breast milk
- Low levels of gut bacteria to synthesize
adults
because
- Antibiotic usage
- Excessive vitamin E intake
- People with fat malabsorption conditions (eg. AIDS)
Food Sources
-
plant foods
- Green leafy vegetables
- Peas
- Broccoli
- Green beans
- Cauliflower
- Avocado
- Cabbage
-
-
2 types of functions
Bone Roles
- Regulation of blood calcium
- Regulation of bone mineralization
- Calcitriol is active at 3 sites: intestines, bone, kidneys
-
-
Deficiency
leads to
Rickets
symptoms
- Poor shaping of bones
- Bowed legs
- Malformed ribs
-
-
Toxicity
is caused by
- Solar exposure (non-toxic)
- Food intake (safe)
- Supplements
-
Food Sources
animal foods
- Egg yolk
- Liver
- Fish
- Fish oils
- Fortified foods (plant-based milks, margarine, orange juice, energy bars)
Stable to heat, storage, and processing
affects blood calcium
High Blood Calcium
- Thyroid glands secretes calcitonin which causes decreased action of osteoclasts
- Parathyroid hormone levels fall increasing urinary calcium
- Calcitriol level falls which decreases absorption of calcium
Low Blood Calcium
- Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormones which activate calcitriol that raises blood Calcium levels
- Vitamin D (calcitriol) is active at three sites:
- Intestine - increases absorption of calcium
- Kidney - conserves calcium
- Bone - Osteoclast cells causes bone to release calcium into the blood
functions for
- Structural support (chewing & attachment for muscles and organs)
- Provides strength and rigidity because of inorganic mineral crystals
- Provides flexibility due to composition of organic matter
- Production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
is maintained by
- Bone tissue (Cortical & Trabecular bone)
- Bone cells (Osteoblast & Osteoclast cells)
is composed of
- Mineral matter
- Organic matter
- Hydroxyapatite crystals (Calcium & Phosphorus)
which is formed through
- Bone growth
- Bone modeling
- Bone remodelling
is measured through
- Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (generates T-score to compare with healthy 30-year-old)
- Ultrasound (no diagnostic use)
- Peripheral Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (no diagnostic use)
(all are non-invasive and painless)
-
-
Calcium & phosphorus salts form hydroxyapatite crystals (essential for bone formation & maintenance)
-
-
-
-
Fluoride creates a stronger hydroxyapatite crystal (Fluorapatite) that is composed of both calcium and phosphorus by replacing the hydroxyl group