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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY - Coggle Diagram
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
under the reign of Louis XVI, France was a model of absolute monarchy
ruled under the principles of enlightened despotism
segments of the population had begun to criticise
demand a change of regime
1789, the combination of a series of factors triggered the revolution
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED THE REVOLUTION
Economic crisis
France lost Canada and possessions of India and Africa against Great Britain
Royal Treasury forced to pay the huge debts it had taken on to finance the war
Political unrest
France atmosphere of great political unrest
propaganda pamphlets criticising the Old Regime
25,000 books of grievances
Inequality before the law
feudal societies from the Old Regime don't pay direct taxes
clerics
noblemen
Social inequalities
population had grown
farming production could no longer meet the demand for food during poor harvests
became more evident, many Parisians went hungry and had no resources.
The example of the United States
Some French foughts on the side of the colonists in the American War of Independence
delegates who had signed the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Franklin
The liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
popular amongst large segments of the population
nobility
clergy
Criticism of absolutism and the division of society
called "the separation of powers "
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
French Revolution began in 1789 and finished in 1804 when the Napoleonic Empire was founded
first phase began when King Louis XVI
assembled a consultative Parliament
Estates-General
typical of the Old Regime
representation was based on class or estates and not individuals.
was assembled because the Royal Treasury
had problems paying its expenses
proposed that the rich pay taxes
vote per estate
third estate delegates then formed the National Assembly
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789–1791)
While the National Assembly was doing its work the social situation got worse
nobles’ homes were raided
Parisians rose up and attacked the Bastille prison
held political prisoners of the absolute monarchy
soldiers opened the doors so they could escape
king could not dissolve the Assembly
reforms
abolition of feudal privileges
creation of a single direct and universal tax
establishment of censitary suffrage
drew up the Constitution of 1791
established the division of powers
the king hold the executive power
incorporated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Louis XVI accept the situation
contacted other absolute monarchies
conspire against the new regime
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791–1792)
Constitution was approved ,Constituent Assembly was dissolved and elections were held following censitary suffrage
results
formation of the Legislative Assembly
was in charge of preparing the laws
new political tendencies appeared
The Plain
the majority
not belong to any party
The Girondins
second highest number of representatives
moderates, federalists and supporters of the parliamentary monarchy
The Jacobins
radical liberals, centralists and supporters of the Republic
were in the minority
NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792–1795)
Assembly assumed legislative and executive powers
become National Convention
new Constitution was to be created
but because of the war, the priority was fighting the invaders
defeated Battle of Valmy
Jacobins obtained more representatives than the Girondins
not win a majority
Convention removed and imprisoned Louis XVI
Republic was proclaimed in September 1792
Jacobins took control of the Convention
king was tried for treason and executed by guillotine
committees were organised to carry out different tasks of government
slavery was abolished
measures were approved to support the lower classes
THE DIRECTORY (1795–1799)
new constitution approved in 1795
ess open in rights and freedoms than the one from 1791
new legal text
‘Directory’
new government
face the constant threat of foreign warfare
still the target of international counter-revolutionary coalitions
instability and the lack
definitive victory abroad led to a new coup d’état
THE CONSULATE (1799–1804)
most prestigious French general, Napoleon Bonaparte
led a coup d’état in 1799
seized power and drew up another constitution that same year
new constitutional text established a Congress and a Senate with very few powers
Consulate(goverment)
executive and legislative powers
rule in an authoritarian way as the first consul of the Republic.