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RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, the victorious countries met at the Congress of Vienna
There were many participants but the powers that led
Objectives
Restore absolutism under a new name: legitimism. Kings govern, old dynaties restored, Bourbon monarchy reinstated
Create an alliance, called Holy Alliance, formed by great European absolute monarchies
Restore the boundaries on the map of Europe, which had changed dramatically during Napoleonic era
Congress of Vienna agreed to maintain a territorial balance between the great powers
Considered rights of ruling dynasties and the interests of great powers
Decisions had important consequences on European politics in 19th century
2 new kingdoms were created to control France's expansion
Kingdom of Netherlands formed by the former United Provinces and Catholic Netherlands, ceded by Austria and the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Rest of Italian territory remained divided
France's pre-Revolution borders were restored
Norway was ceded to Sweden to punish Denmark
Holy Empire was replaced by the German Confederation
Eastern Europe was divided between Austria, Russia and Prussia, this led to partition of Poland
Limits of restoration
Powers that defeated Napoleon tried to restore the situation to how it was before the French Revolution
France's revolutionary experience represented a point of no return
Napoleon's successes throughout Europe helped spread liberal ideals
Napoleon's occupation of large territories awakened the national identity of people living in empires and composite monarchies
Bougeoisie in Europe's cities became aware of their political marginalisation
Louis XVIII adopted French Charter in 1814, ensured monarch voluntarily limited powers
Most important thing for the architects of the Restoration was maintaining order and keeping thrones
