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HOW DOES ECONOMIC CHANGE IMPACT PLACES - Coggle Diagram
HOW DOES ECONOMIC CHANGE IMPACT PLACES
Social inequality
Measuring social inequality
Index of Multiple deprivation- measure income, employment, education, health, crime barriers to housing and living conditions
Purchasing power parity- measuring prices of the same item in different places
It’s relative- you can’t measure quantitative change in deprivation over time only in comparison
Absolute poverty- less than $1.90 a day
HDI- between 0-1, meaures GNI per capita, life expectancy, literacy rate
GNI index- high figures indicate inequality, tracks distribution of wealth
Global inequality and edge city theory
Large urban areas on the outskirts of a city- concentration of businesses and work, considered a single end destination
Irvine, California
Built during the 1960s used to be a ranch, James Irvine’s son Myford opened it to urban development in the late 1940s
Now the average income is $113,603 per year and there are 18,000 homes.
On the edge of LA to attracts investment but avoids pollution
Best achieving schools in the USA and crime is 61% lower, nearly 70% of over 25s have a degree, Univeristy of California Irvine is in the top 10
Jembatan, Jakarta
North west of Jakarta
Densely populated, average income of $4 a day
Unskilled labour, poor infrastructure and hygiene, children work instead of go to school, lack of investment, problems with malaria and typhoid
National Ineqaulity
London boroughs and lung health
Deprived areas twice as likely to die from lung conditions e.g tower hamlets vs Kensington and Chelsea
Poorest schools exposed to pollution above European legal limits
North-South Divide and income
Lower income in the north leads to lower life expectancy (77 in NE vs 80 in SE)
Tackling Inequality
Taxation
Subsidies
Planning
Law
Education
What is inequality?
Standard of living- Having basic needs met; income, shelter, job security, cost of goods
Quality of life- extent to which your needs are met; health, social engagement, education
Spacial inequality- unequal distribution of resources within an area
Cycle of deprivation
Poverty
Poor living conditions
Ill health
Lack of resources
Poor skills
Globalisation
The world becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent
Politically - countries becoming part of trade blocks
Economically- expansion of world trade, increased integration and movement of labour and goods
Containerisation in 20th century by Malcom McLean saving time money
digital age 21st century- unregulated news, internet , communication
Culturally- western culture diffusing around the world through media
The global village (Marshall McLuhan 1964)
The world has become smaller
We can quickly find out what is happening elsewhere; local actions have global implications
Time-space compression
Technology shrinks the world. Heightened connectivity changes our concept of time and distance. Definition of near/far changes with perceptions of spacial relations. Improved transport takes time off journeys.
Influence on sense of place
Feelings of dislocation or familiarity. Winners- people can manipulate the global village to their advantages. Losers- places lose their identity change can be forcefully implemented.
Structural economic changes
The global shift
1940- world bank established, world trade organisation established. Blueprint for global economy
1960- rising production in se Asia, unionised labour in the west increases cost of production
1970- offshoring production of fuel
1980- collapse of Soviet Union, US is only superpower
1990- India and china open their economy, EU strengthens their trading alliances
2000- global financial crisis, eurozone crisis, brexit, recession,
Forging connections
Deindustrialisation of ADCs
FDI
Cyclical economic change
Booms
Recession
Depression
Expansion
Structural economic change in Birmingham
Causes of economic growth
1700s: First UK factory opened 1718
1800s: Steam engine and car development during the Industrial Revolution as well as population growth. First London to Birmingham railway in 1838. Growth of the gun/jewellery/brass industry
Dunlop employed 10,000 people by 1950
Causes of decline in 1980s and 90s
1973 oil crisis / shortage
Overseas car competition with Japan
Deindustrialisation
Regeneration
Projects and focused investment
Bullring/ Mailbox, bullring brings £362 million of indirect investment to the economy every year
‘Big City Plan’ aims to improve the city through tax relief and enterprise zones
Players: council, retailers, governments, train lines and art galleries
88% of the population work in service, most parks in Europe, 25% house ownership, largest education and health employment in europe
2/3 living in the 10% most deprived areas
Impacts of economic changes nationally and globally
Economic restructuring
Secondary sector investment in the UK
Social inequality
Cheaper imports
Improved environmental quality in deindustrialised areas
Job losses and competition
Higher exports
New technology and improvement of skills and productivity
Over dependence
Destabilise food as people give up agriculture
Exploitatative conditions