Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
learning, memory and amnesia - Coggle Diagram
learning, memory and amnesia
other brain areas
memory contribution
parietal lobe
piecing information
anterior temporal complex damage
loss of semantic memory
amygdala
fear and learning
prefrontal cortex
learned behaviour
decision making
nervous system
patterns in brain activity leave physical changes
hebbian synapse
activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic
critical for associative learnings
increases effectiveness
invertebrate behaviour change
relating invertebrates to vertebrates
habituation
decrease in response to stimulus
depends on change in synapse
sensory neurons fail to excite motor
sensitisation
increase in response to stimulus
previous exposure to intense stimuli
change at synapse
facilitating neuron releases serotonin
blocks potassium channels
prolonged release of transmitters
prolonged sensitisation
aplysia slug like invertebrate with large neurons
long term potentiation
axons bombard dendrite with stimulation
more responsive neuron
specificity
synapses become strengthened
cooperativity
stimulus stimulation
stronger LTP production
associativity
weak and strong input enhances weak responses
long term depression
response at synapse less active
biochemical mechanisms
hippocampus
glutamate receptors
AMPA receptors
depolarises membrane
displaces magnesium molecules blocking NMDA
glutamate able to excite NDMA
opening calcium channels
NMDA receptors
more AMPA receptors built
dendritic branching increased
presynaptic changes
cause LTP
increase responsiveness on postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic cell release retrogade transmitter
presynaptic cell
decrease action potential
increase neurotransmitter release
expansion of axons
memory
types
short term
events just occured
fades quickly without rehersal
all info enters
long term
bigger capacity
stimulated with cues
doesnt fade quickly
consolidated from STM
consolidation
emotionally significant form quicker
epinephrine and cortisol enhance
working memory
Baddeley and hitch
temporary storage
intend to develop over time
testing
delayed response
storage in prefrontal cortex
decrease in activity impairs memory
damage impairs performance
semantic memory
factual information
implicit
influence of experience on behaviour
explicit
deliberate recall of info recognised as memory
procedural
development of motor skills and habits
episodic
contain contextual detail
older have less
improving memory
drugs
factors impacting LTP can lead to drugs
caffiene/ritalin
enhance arousal and learning
altering gene expression
benefits to certain memory types
normally impair other memory
behavioural methods and studies
learning
classical conditioning
pavlov
pairing two stimuli to change response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
instrumental/operant conditioning
reinforcement
events that increase probability of response
punishment
events that decrease probability of repsonse
engram
physical representation
e.g. connection of brain areas
lashleys experiments
learning and memory
not single cortical area
nervous system
equipotentially
all cortex contributes to functioning
mass action
whole cortex is better
faults
learning uniform throughout
cerbral cortex best place
modern
classical conditioning in cerebellum
lateral interpositus nucleus LIP
central for learning
cells and neurotransmitters responsible
change in brain does not mean it is that area
PET scans
cerebellum
basal ganglia
probabilistic learning
damage prevents learning
division of labour
amnesia
memory loss
hippocampus
different areas active during recall and formation
important for memory context
sound
location
light
hippocampus damage
H.M. case study
removed hippocampus
difficulty forming LTM
cant state personal facts
re reading without losing interest
didnt recognise own photo
STM intact
working memory
remained intact
impaired episodic and semantic
procedural
reading words written backwards
normal pattern
normal working memory
severe anterograde amnesia
severe loss of episodic memories
better implicit than explicit
nearly intact procedural
research
rats: damage impairs 2 tasks
delayed matching to sample tasks
delayed non matching to sample tasks
radial mazes
navigating mazes
morris water maze
rat swims through water to find surface
retrograde
loss of memory prior to brain damage
anterograde
loss of ability to form memories
brain damage
types
korsakoffs disease
brain damage by thiamine deficiency
impedes ability to metabolise glucose
shrinkage of neurons within the brain
could be alcoholism
confabulation
taking guesses to fill memory
alzheimers disease
gradually progressive loss of memory
genetic component
no effective drug
damage is too extensive
clumping of brain proteins
amyloid beta protein
produce widespread atrophy of cerebral cortex, hippocampus
tau protein
intracellular support system of neurons
plaques
damaged axons and dendrites
tangles
structures formed from degeneration of neurons
treatment
enhancing acetycholine activity
increase activity
people do not lose memory equally
different types of memory