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Validity & Reliability - Coggle Diagram

- - - - *exception of hidden observational studies (e.g., use of one-way mirrors)
  - - - observer is not entirely impartial - biased - selective perception
  - - - Objective of direct observation - avoid causing the invalidity of the social reality construct by imposing an artificial structure on reality and thus seeing what they expect to see. BUT, for structure to emerge organically requires time and the researcher without any structure may end up observing little bit of everything without any conclusive inferences and will miss specifcs.
- - - - show a clear relationship between observation data and survey data
        
        60 % percent of respondents placed in the highest category by the observer scored five or more on the survey.
        
        100% percent of respondents rated by the observer as being in one of the two lowest prestige categories scored in the 0 category on the survey
        
        7% of persons rated in the highest category by the observer failed to receive at least a point on any of the five survey questions.
- - - - a) STRUCTURED
      - b) UNSTRUCTRED
    - - a) Natural Setting
      - b) Artificial Setting
  - - - Major Problem faced is in initially understanding language, customs and habits.
        Misconception by the people being studied may think that the observer is a spy for police or government.
      - Wax's Study - 1971:
        
        study in Japanese relocation camp during WW II.
        
        GILA center in Arizona
        
        Usual Problems Faced:
        
        Loneliness
        
        Unfamiliarity with language and customs.
        
        Unusual Problems Faced:
        
        She was in hostile environment,
        considered her to be the US government spy.
        
        Weather was really hot in Arizona desert when she initiated her study.
        
        Factors for rapport building :
        
        arrival of Japanese Anthropologist.
        
        pursuit of 'Red Herring' i.e. distracting from the intended topic.
        
        study of Japanese language.
        
        Reciprocation of Trust- Circular and cumulative process: less anxiousness= better field work and awareness of better field work= less anxiousness.
    - - Strategies proposed by Wax -
        
        Appear humble and powerless, not seen as a threat
        
        Appear powerful and prestigious, no one could challenge you.
        
        Connect oneself with the most powerful group in the setting.
    - - Steps in field studies
        
        -Deciding the goals of study
        -Deciding which group to study
        -Gaining entry
        
        Achieving rapport
        
        Conduct the study by observing and recording field notes over a period
        
        of weeks, months, or even years.
        
        . Deal with crises that occur, such as confrontations with subjects who
        
        think you are some sort of spy.
        
        Exit from the observational study.
        
        Analyze the data
        
        Write a report presenting the findings
        
        Things to keep in mind - affiliation or legitimate identification, finding an insider or informant or middleman
      - Johnson (1975), in the field
        study of county welfare organization
        challenges, point of view of administrator
    - - General Rules:
        
        Positive
        
        unknown observer may be unable to take any notes at all, and may have to rely on his or her memory.
        
        Prefer jot down notes during the day and write their full field notes at night.
        
        sometimes possible to use recording devices
        
        events of the day will also remind the observer of earlier, unrecorded. (Important)
        
        Negative
        
        Note taking can make the subjects self-conscious.
        
        don’t jot conspicuously’”
        when taking field notes
        
        notes ought to be full enough
        adequately to summon up for one again
      - Field work suggestions
        
        Record the notes as quickly as possible
        
        preferable to handwriting and not typed
        
        Discipline yourself to write notes quickly.
        
        make at least two copies of field notes
      - Components
        
        running description
        
        previously
        forgotten happenings that are now recalled;
        
        analytical idea
        
        personal impressions and feeling
        
        notes for further
        information.
    - - -Least structured of the 4 types of observation, takes placeonly in natural setting
      - Use participant observation
      - Often used with the term ethnography or ethnographic studies
      - Being used in complex societies to study subcultural groups
      - Ethnographer has few hypotheses and no
        structured questionnaire.
      - Challenge faced by ethnographer: Socialization & resocialization, might be labelled as outsider, readjustment problem when studying own culture
  - - - Groups involved in decision-making and problem solving - have common constant elements in their interaction
      - Limited to observation with a structured checklist of close-ended questions
      - Virtually eliminates communication or interaction between observer and subjects (participants)
    - - Problems of Orientation
      - Problems of Evaluation
      - Problems of Control
      - Problems of Decision
      - Problems of Tension-management
      - Problems of Integration
    - - Finding willing participants > Observer's entry in the organization
    - - By their affliation to institutes or research organization
      - Assuring a non-harmful study
  - - - provide the observer some form of external control
        
        SEAR's BUO STUDY
  - - - Bales studies (1952) in which people placed in laboratory are given short tasks and observed by structerd set of observational categories.
      - example of play therapy for the treatment of emotionally disturbed children. the gol of play therapy is therapeutic to improve emotional health of the person and social- science knowledge gained by unstructured observation of the person is secondary goal.
  - - - participant is deceased
      - the person is famous, and don't want privacy to be invaded
      - fear of reactivity
        
        Non reactive research method
        
        the researcher is not physically present when the behavior is occurring
        
        EROSION METHOD
        
        Refers to a type of indirect observation which measures the erosion or degradation of an area based on the footfall.
        
        , For example, : Deeming a certain exhibit in the museum to be famous based on the wear of the tiles.
        
        ACCRETION METHOD
        
        Refers to the observation of the deposition and accumulation of materials over time.
        
        Looking through the garbage bins to get an idea of the most popular drink.
        
        Unobtrusive research method
        
        uses document analysis + direct observation by one way method