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Biology revision - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Control centre of the cell, contains DNA
      - Nucleolus
        
        Produces Ribosomes, is inside nucleus
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Produce proteins
    - - Membrane barrier that separates nucleus from cytosol in eukaryotic cells
    - - Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells dictates what can and cannot enter them
    - - Transporting Proteins in the cell
    - - Lipid manufacturing
      - Metabolism
      - Detoxification
    - - Packaging and sorting proteins to be distributed
    - - fluid portion of cytoplasm in cell
    - - Site of ATP production
      - involved in cellular respiration
    - - stores water, proteins, salts waste of cell
    - - Involved in cell division
    - - Part of cytoskeleton
    - - Contain digestive enzymes used in apoptosis
    - - Site of Photosynthesis (only in plant cells)
      - Contains Chlorophyll
  - - - Animal and Plant Cells
      - Have a defined nucleus
      - Contain Membrane bound organelles
      - Can be single or multicellular
    - - Bacteria and Archaea Cells
      - Single celled organisms
      - No defined Nucleus, DNA is in the form of singular chromosomes or loops called plasmids
  - - - Interphase
        
        First phase of cell cycle
        
        Contains:
        
        G1 (Growth 1) Phase
        
        Increases amount of cytosol
        
        Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide
        
        Makes Proteins
        
        Single Stranded Chromosomes
        
        G1 Checkpoint
        
        Checks for size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage
        
        Synthesis or S Phase
        
        Cell Replictaes its DNA
        
        Chromosomes are double stranded
        
        At the end of this stage, the cell will contain 2 identical copies of it’s DNA
        
        G2 (Growth 2) Phase
        
        Second Growth phase
        
        More protein synthesis
        
        By the end of this stage the cell has doubled in size
        
        G2 Checkpoint
        
        Checks for cell size and DNA replication
        
        Has a well defined nucleus
        
        Cant see Chromosomes
        
        Too long skinny and threadlike to be visible
        
        Making Proteins and Organelles
        
        Cell Grows
      - Mitosis
        
        Prophase
        
        Chromosomes condense (thicker, shorter)
        
        Spindle attaches to chromosomes
        
        Centrioles begin to move apart
        
        Nuclear membrane starts to break down
        
        Chromosomes are double stranded
        
        Metaphase
        
        The chromosomes (double stranded) line up along equator
        
        Centrioles are at opposite ends of cell
        
        Microtubules make up mitotic spindle
        
        Anaphase
        
        Each strand of a chromosome is called a chromatid
        
        Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell pulled by spindles shortening
        
        Telophase
        
        Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes separately
        
        Spindle Disappears
        
        Chromosomes become thing threadlike and invisible again
        
        Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
        
        Checks for spindle alignment
      - Cytokinesis
        
        Completed cell cycle
        
        Single stranded again
        
        In Animal cells:
        
        microfilament ring squeezes membrane & cell into two, seprating them
        
        In Plant cells:
        
        Cell plate forms between the two cells, creates new cell wall
      - G0 Phase (Or resting phase)
        
        May be temporary or may be permanent.
        
        Cell functions normally but doesnt split or replicate
        
        Cell goes into G0 if it fails a checkpoint
    - - Binary Fission
        
        Chromosomes replicate then move to opposite end of the cell
        
        Replication continues
        
        Plasma membrane grows inwards, new cell wall is deposited
        
        Two daughter cells result
  - - - contact inhibited cells will stop growing once they have reached their limit of space
    - - Induce cell division
    - - Regulate processes such as cell division and apoptosis
      - mutated can become Oncogenes
        
        causes cancer due to overstimulation of growth signals
    - - Inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis
      - if mutated results in unregulated cell growth
  - - - Embryonic
      - Adult
    - - Totipotent
        
        can become any cell
      - Pluripotent
        
        Many but not all
      - Multipotent
        
        Some usually ina group like red or white blood cells
      - Oligopotent
        
        can form 2 or more mature cell types
      - Omnipotent/Unipotent
        
        Only produces cells of one type, can self renew
  - - - organelles desintegrate, starts to blebb
        
        Nucleus and organelles collapse, continue to blebb
        
        Apoptotic bodies form
        
        ejected by macrophages by phagpcytosis
- - - - Spontaneously forms when in contact with water to protect hydrophobic tails, forms two chains that keep tails inside and heads out
      - Phospholipid
        
        Phosphate Head, Hydrophilic
        
        Fatty Acid tails, Hydrophobic
      - Integral Proteins
        
        Channel Protein
        
        Channel that allows molecules to diffuse over that wouldn't diffuse over the membrane regularly
        
        Integral Protein
      - Peripheral Proteins
        
        Glycoprotein
        
        When combined with Globular protein are a Carbohydrate
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Cell Recognition
        
        Immune function in recognising antibodies viruses and hormones
        
        Attaches cells together
        
        Peripheral Protein
      - Cholesterol
        
        Keeps membrane felxible fliud and waterproof
  - - - Requires no energy
      - Simple diffusion
        
        passive movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
      - Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Charged particles (ions – K+, Cl-) and large molecules (glucose, sucrose) use channel proteins as they are insoluble in lipids
      - Osmosis
        
        Tonicity
        
        Solution is hypertonic to the cell if the concentration of solutes is higher compared to inside the cell
        
        Cell will shrivel
        
        Solution is hypotonic to the cell if the solute concentration outside the cell is lower compared to inside the cell
        
        Cell will swell
        
        Solution is Isotonic to the cell if the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides
        
        Cell Stays the same
        
        The net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration (down/with a concentration gradient)
    - - Requires energy
      - Goes against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration into an area with a higher concentration
      - Carrier Proteins and Protein Pumps
      - Bulk Transport
        
        Endocytosis
        
        Large particles that normally would not pass through the membrane are taken into the cell (IN)
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        the movement of solid particles into the cell
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        Movement of liquid particles into the cell
        
        Exocytosis
        
        Bulk Transport out of the cell (OUT)
- - - - Change in internal condition
    - - corrective action
      - change in target cell, organ or organism
    - - Control centre
      - registers change, send out messages to fix it
    - - recieves messages, responds
      - could be cell, molecule or organ
    - - senses change, tells control centre
    - - response turns off stimulus