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Botany Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperms
        
        progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes fused basal third
        
        360mya
      - Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Lobate integuments
      - Free from nucellus/ megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
      - 8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
      - ~360mya
    - - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
        
        Increased protection
        
        Desiccation
        Herbivory
      - stamnostoma huttonense
        
        352 mya
        
        Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
        
        integuments
      - Pollen capture
        
        pollen chamber
        
        micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
        
        Megaspores
        
        megagametophyte
        
        Microspores
        
        microgametophyte
        
        Found in some non-seed plants
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
        
        First integument telomes
        
        Second integument phyllad origin
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
        
        Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
        
        Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
        
        Extra layer of protection
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
        
        Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
        
        Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
        
        4 resulting daughter cells
        
        3 megaspores degenerate
        
        1 megaspore remains
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
        
        Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
        
        Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
        
        Extra layer of protection
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
        
        Pollen chamber #
        
        through programmed cell death
        
        Micropyle
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
        
        Multicellular megagametophyte
        
        Egg retained
        
        After syngamy, embryo develops within
  - - - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
      - Reduced over time
    - - sperm development within antheridia
      - Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - swim from
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders
        
        transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Angiosperm, 3-celled
        
        tube cell
        
        generative cell
      - Microspore within microsporangium
      - Mitosis within microspore wall
      - Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
    - - Ovule on megasporophyll
      - 1 microsporocyte
      - Pollen chamber
      - Nesting doll
        
        Integument
        
        Nucellus
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
    - - 1 megasporocyte
      - 1 megaspore
      - 2 integuments
      - Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        3 antipodals
        
        Sometimes nutritive
        
        2 polar
        
        Becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids
        
        Guide pollen tube
        
        1 egg
        
        Eventual zygote
  - - - Additional protection from ovary wall
        Double fertilization
        #
  - - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
    - - Pine example
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - Pollen tube grows down style
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - One sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        Zygote
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        Endosperm
    - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example
- - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
        
        2 + whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
        
        5 + carpels
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        male plants and female plants
      - shrub
    - - Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
      - Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange no longer evident
        Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior → inferior
        
        Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - radial symmetry
        
        irregularity
  - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
        
        Sepals, sterile
        
        Petals, sterile
        
        Stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis and
        form a resistant cell wall
      - microgametophye
        
        pollen grain
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        superior- carpel above
        
        inferior- receptacle surrounds carpel, carpel below
      - perianth and stamen insertion
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        ex lilies
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        ex apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        ex cherry flower
    - - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        male-androecious
        
        female- gynoecious
  - - - major traits
        
        Color
        
        Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Shape
        
        Bloom time
        
        Rewards, eg nectar
      - colors
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Color requires resource
        
        omit when necessary :
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - scent
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
        
        May have scent glands
        
        eg rosses
      - shape
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        eg sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
      - blooming time
        
        diurnal- day time
        
        nocturnal-night time
      - rewards
        
        pollen
        
        oil
        
        nectar
    - - major syndromes
        
        abiotic
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Hydrophily (water)
        
        biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
      - anemophily
        
        Wind
        
        No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        Small
        
        Most have no petals
        
        Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        Large amount of pollen
        
        Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
      - hydrophily
        
        Water
        
        Copious pollen
        
        Small flowers
        
        Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
        
        Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
      - melittophily
        
        Bee
        
        Full of nectar
        
        Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
        
        Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Provide landing platforms
        
        Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
        
        Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
      - psychophily
        
        Butterfly
        
        In clusters and provide landing platforms
        
        Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Nectar guides present
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
      - Phaelonophily
        
        Moth
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
        
        Tubular corollas
      - myophily
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
        
        Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
        
        Nectar guides not present
        
        Produce pollen
        
        Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
      - Ornithophily
        
        Bird
        
        Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        Have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
        
        Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
      - Chiropterophily
        
        Bat
        
        Open at night;
        
        Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
        
        Pale or white in color;
        
        Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
        
        Copious dilute nectar.
      - Cantharophily
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        White, to dull white or green
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during the day
        
        Moderate nectar producers
        
        May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
      - Deception
        
        May look like pollinator
        
        May smell like pollinator
        
        Uses trickery
        
        Usually no reward
        
        Saprophily included
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
      - ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
      - pericarp
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
      - Accessory fruits
        
        Any fruit with accessory tissue
        
        Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
        
        Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
      - Parthenocarpic fruits
        
        Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization
        Without seed development
        
        Banana
        
        Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
        
        Bean
        
        Cherry
        
        Tomato
      - Major fleshy types
        
        Berries
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
      - Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains its identify in mature state
      - Example
        
        Magnolias
        
        Raspberries
        
        Strawberries
    - - Derived from an inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
        
        Fig
        
        Mulberry
        
        Pineapple
  - - - Wind
      - Water
      - Animal
        
        active
        
        passive
      - self
    - - Wings
      - Parachutes
      - Lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - Large airspaces
      - Example coconut
    - - Fleshy
      - Provide animal with nutrients
      - Long-distance dispersal
      - Seed pass through gut without harm
      - Seeds are regurgitated later
      - Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
      - Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
    - - Hooks
      - Catch on fur
      - Catch on hoof
      - Velcro
    - - gravity
      - exploding