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War and radicalism, 1642-1646 - Coggle Diagram
War and radicalism, 1642-1646
CP 13 - THE FIRST CIVIL WAR: THE ROYALIST CAUSE
The outbreak and progression of the war
The outbreak of the war was primarily down to the balance between the power of the King and the rights of his subjects
it led to divisions across the political nation, increasingly charged public demonstrations, followed by military skirmishes and the raising of the armies by the summer of 1642
broad chronology that helps define the course of the English Civil Wars
1) failure of both sides to reach a settlement in 1642
2) failure of the king to achieve absolute military victory in the war
3) failure of both sides to negotiate a settlement in the winter of 1645
4) parliaments successful achievement of military victory in June 1645
5) parliaments imposition of a settlement in January 1649
key chronology
Aug - Charles raises standard at Nottingham
23rd Oct - Battle of Edgehill
13 Nov - Standoff at Turnham Green
Nov - Charles retreats to Oxford
1643
jan - apr - Oxford Treaty negotiations
30th jun - Battle of Admalton
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1642
Early strengths of the royalist cause
Loyalty and tradition
due to culture at the time, natural allegiances fell towards the king
Access to resources
Men + Money
- royalist armies better equipped due to wealthy commanders (earl of worcester donated £300,000)
Access to tax revenues
Unified command
- Charles was king and top of military command structure and he promoted nobles with good records e.g Earl of Newcastle. However, he made bad decisions such as at the battle of edgehill oct 1642.
Strategy
Charles also benefitted from a clear strategic goal to restore monarchial authority by defeating parliaments army
Decisive events in the early months of the First Civil War
Aug 1642 - King raises standard at Nottingham and makes HQ at Shrewsbury
23rd Oct 1642 - Battle of Edgehill
November 1642 - Battle of Turnham Green
-King retreats to setup HQ in Oxford
Charles started to March down to London where he met Parliaments army at Edgehill where 300 died and there was no clear victor. He continued but then stopped and considered peace negotiations. The delay allowed Parliament to surround them and stopped the Royalist forces teaching London at Turnham Green
How the King lost his advantage in the early months
Political division in Royalist Leadership
Two factions emerged: The 'war' faction (Henrietta Maria, Prince Rupert) who demanded victory through parliament submission. The 'peace' faction (Earl of Clarendon and Viscount Falkland)
The Oxford Treaty
After the initial battles, the King was in a greater position and Pym was pressured to draw up an essentially softened version of the 19 propositions. But Charles didn't pursue negotiations due to their military success, the belief of death in Kingship, Henrietta Maria and belief in Divine Right.
Failure of the swift, sharp blow
1643 Chronology
Jan - Oxford Treaty negotiations begin
Mar - Scarborough Castle declared for king
Apr - Oxford Treaty negotiations fail
May - Battle of Stratton
30th June - Battle of Adwalton (defeat of Parliamentary army)
July - Royalists take Exeter and Bristol
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By Summer 1644, it looked the King was on course to all-out victory. Parliamentary forces had surrendered Scarborough Castle and Royalists had won at the Battle of Adwalton. Royalists also controlled much of the West such as Devon as well as Exeter and Bristol. However, his failure at Gloucester allowed Parliament to regather
Reversal of fortune
As the war waged on, Charles lost his short-term advantages and Parliament began to reek their long-term benefits as they landed a decisive blow to the King's army at the First Battle of Newbury
The consequences of Royalist failure
Charles refusing the treaty of oxford led Parliament to resort to force only and it gave them motivation to reshape and create a professional army
CP 15 - The intensification of radicalism
Key Chronology
1643 May - Humble proposal of safety
1643 June - Licensing Act
1645 July - Kings cabinet opened
1646 - Publication of Gangraena
Popular radicalism in London
The London population was an extremely powerful tool for Parliament with Londoners persuading the king to retreat at Turnham Green and the Humble Proposal of Safety being used to shut shops and get men in the army camps
An example of freedom
In 1643, the City council, dominated by radicals, presented a 'petition and remonstrance' into parliament which put them at the heart of the political process
Religious radicalism in the NMA
The religious character of the NMA
Concerns began to arise about the religious situation within the NMA, primarily about the wide range of beliefs and practices
Consequences of this
The NMA were fighting the King, as well as godly solders of the true church fighting against the antichrist
Although most were simple puritans, the radical nature of extremists was extreme
However, Cromwell defended this and supported religious toleration, believing that it could increase power
Pamphlets and Propaganda
The collapse in censorship resulted in this being used to spread radicalism
It was spread via
Newspapers
where in the end of the 1640's there were more than 10 titles.
Propaganda
emerged when the King fled and they used his cabinet to show how he was influenced by his wife, as well as exposing letters to Irish catholics about an alliance. These pamphlets sparked debate particularly concerning religion. However, Censorship structures from under the Star chamber had been reintroduced under the 1643 Licensing Act
CP 16 - The end of the First Civil War
Key chronology
1645 June - Battle of Naseby
1645 Sep - Battle of Philiphaugh
1646 Apr - Charles surrenders to Scots
1646 July - Propositions of Newcastle
1647 Feb - Charles handed to English
Divisions among the Parliamentary leaders
Political Presbyterians
Led by Denzil Holles + Earl of Essex. Wanted to unify with Scotland, wanted to conclude war through negotiations, wanted national Presbyterian church
Overall political presbyterianism was stronger in the country and in westminister
Political independents
Led by Cromwell, St John and Saye + Sele. Wanted to win the war by military victory, wanted religious freedom and only wanted scots for their army
Clubmen associations was where local gentry arranged peasants to clear soldiers out of their areas, usually royalist soldiers
Attempts at settlement
19 Propositions, June 1642
Called for regular parliaments, anti-catholic measures, Parliament to command army, Parliament to approve key appointments and reform of anglican church. But was rejected for being far too radical
Oxford Treaty 1643
Slightly moderated version of 19 propositions and banished episcopacy. Failed as Charles was optimistic for victory
Uxbridge Proposals, 1645
Called for King to swear to covenant, Presbyterianism in english church but failed foe being too radical
Propositions of Newcastle
Followed after numerous defeats for King at Naseby, Bristol, Philiphaugh and his cabinet being exposed
By April 1646, Parliamentary troops were advancing on Oxford and Charles fled, handing himself over to the Scots at Newark and they travelled up to Newcastle
Parliament drew up the propositions which called for Charles to accept Presbyterianism for 3 years, Parliament to control militia for 20 years, Triennial act to remain and 58 royalists be punished. But by Winter 1646 Charles delaying tactics pushed the scots and england to be more dramatic
The capture of Charles I
When it was clear Charles wouldn't accept the newcastle propositions, Murray's treaty was brought out for consideration but Charles still refused even with his wife telling him to accept. Scotland ended up giving the king back in exchange for £400,000 and now parliament had control of the kings person
CP 14 - The First Civil War: The Parliamentarian cause
Key chronology
1642 20th Dec - Formation of the Eastern Association
1643 15th Sep - Cessation Treaty
1643 23rd Sep - Solemn League + Covenant
1644 July - Battle of Marston Moor
1644 Dec - Intro of Self Denying Ordinance
1645 Jan - Execution of Laud
1645 Feb - New Model Ordinance
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Strengths + Weaknesses of Parliamentary forces
London
Parliament occupied London meaning they had political power in Westminster, they had wealth form London as well as the sizeable population and London Mob
Finances + Funding
Parliament used multiple Ordinances to fund the army e.g June 1642 Ordinance for the securing of £100,000
Leadership + command
Originally using County Militia failed as they were reluctant to travel across the country
In late 1642, Parliament began creating Associations e.g Eastern Association
Early engagements of the 1st CW
Charles dominated nearly all of the initial engagements
The likelihood of defeat
As the Royalists dominated Parliament introduced Conscription in Aug 1643 as well as financial restructuring
Political issues within leadership
Here, there was also Peace (Denzil Holles), War (Pym, Oliver St John and Saye and Sele) and Middle (Arthur Haselrig) groups.
Chronology 1644
Apr-July - siege of York
29th June - Battle of Copredy Bridge
2nd July - Battle of Marston Moor
Aug-Sep - Lostwithel Campaign
27th Oct - 2nd Battle of Newbury
Chronology 1645
14th June - Battle of Naseby
10th July - Battle of Langport
23rd Aug-10th Sep - Siege of Bristol
13th Sep - Battle of Philiphaugh
The Solemn League and Covenant
In Aug 1643, Parliament sent negotiators to Scotland to discuss an alliance which was agreed and on 7th August 1643 with the signing of the Solemn League and Covenant. However, Parliament was reluctant to ratify this with the presbyterian settlement which was included in the terms. However, Pym smoothed it out and it was agreed and signed by both sides on 23rd Sep 1643
The Irish Cessation
Charles agreed a 'Cessation Treaty' with the Irish in Sep 1643 to prevent fighting on two fronts but others feared he was building an alliance with the catholic rebels
Battle of Marston Moor
The impact of the Scottish alliance showed here in July 1644 where Parliament snatched a decisive victory and followed by seizing York
Emergence of the New Model Army
Self-Denying Ordinance
This was introduced by the war party in Dec 1644 and meant no MP's could be in positions of command in the army or navy to help stop political divisions caused by military command
Religious disunity also caused this as Scottish commanders tried to impose Presbyterianism
The ordinance was finally passed on 3rd April 1643 and the debate over it was a big step towards the NMA established by the New Model Ordinance of Feb 1645
Leadership
Lieutenant General - Thomas Fairfax - moderate Puritan
Major General of Infantry - Sir Philip Skitton - moderate puritan
and Cromwell secured the position of Lieutenant General of the Horse
Impact
It was financed through the use of assessments (a taxation) and it was an unstoppable force shown at the Battle of Naseby