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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
France
Was a model of
Absolute monarchy
Ruled under the principles
Of enlightened despotism
Population
Had begun to
Criticise the situation
Demand a change of regime
Factors
The liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
Become popular
Amongst the population
Amongst the nobility and clergy
Became widespread
Criticism of absolutism
The division of society
Into estates
People called for
The separation of powers
Equality before the law
The example of the United States
Some French people
Had fought
On the side of the colonists
In the American War of Independence
Some of the delegates
Had signed the Declaration of Independence
Visited France frequently
Inequality before the law
In feudal societies
Noblemen and clerics
Didn't pay direct taxes
The bourgeoisie and the peasantry
Did pay taxes
Economic crisis
After the Seven Years’ War
France lost
Canada
Possessions of
India and Africa
Affected the Royal Treasury
Was forced to pay
The huge debts
From financing the war
The court at Versailles
Didn't reduce its spending
On luxuries
Political unrest
Propaganda pamphlets
Criticising the Old Regime
Were printed and distributed
The king and queen
Were openly criticised and discredited
Books of grievances
Citizens and peasants
Described their complaints and demands
Social inequalities
Population had grown a lot
Farming production
Couldn't meet the demand for food
During poor harvests
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
King Louis XVI
Assembled a consultative Parliament
The Estates-General
Royal Treasury
Had problems paying its expenses
Proposed that
The rich pay taxes
An estate assembly
Voting system
One vote per estate
The third estate
Wanted it to be individual
One vote per attendee
Would win the majority vote
The nobility and clergy
Rejected this
Estates-General were dissolved
The third estate delegates
Formed the National Assembly
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789–1791)
Social situation
Got worse
Nobles’ homes
Were raided
Parisians rose up
Attacked the Bastille prison
Held political prisoners
Soldiers defending the prison
Opened the doors
The king
Couldn't dissolve the Assembly
Drew up the Constitution of 1791
Seemed to accept the situation
Contacted other absolute monarchies
To conspire against the new regime
Was discovered
And detained in the Tuileries Palace
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791–1792)
The Plain
Deputies
The majority
Didn't belong to any party
The Girondins
Second highest number of representatives
Moderates
Federalists
Supporters
Of the parliamentary monarchy
The Jacobins
The minority
Radical liberals
Centralists
Supporters
Of the Republic
Sans-culottes rose up
Suspicious of the loyalty of the king
Had conspired with the invaders
NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792–1795)
Assumed legislative and executive powers
Republic was proclaimed
Jacobins
Voted for more radical measures
The king
Was tried for treason
Executed by guillotine
Marie Antoinette
Accused
Of defending Austrian interests
Of spending money on whims
Was convicted and executed
The Terror
Robespierre
Ordered the execution of
Anti-revolutionaries
Anyone suspected of being one
Deputies
Carried out a coup d’état
Seized power
Sentenced Robespierre to death
White Terror
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
THE DIRECTORY (1795–1799)
Faced
The constant threat
Of foreign warfare
Internal conspiracies and rebellions
Led by monarchists and revolutionaries
Internal instability
Led to a coup d’état
THE CONSULATE (1799–1804)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Led a coup d’état
Seized power
Drew up another constitution
The constitutional text
Established a Congress and a Senate
With very few powers
The Consulate
Had executive and legislative powers
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights
The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation
The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man
