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Flowers (A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.) - Coggle Diagram
Flowers (A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.)
Structure
Basic
Complete vs incomplete (perfect vs imperfect)
Parts of the flower
Septals
Petals
Stamens
Carpels (megasporophyll
)
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What is it?
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Function
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What is it?
Male reproductive organs of flowering plants (angiosperms)
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Function
Pollen grain producing part of flower/ produces microgametophytes/microsporangium
What is it?
leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
located above the sepals on the receptacle.
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Functions
Attracts pollinators
Absent in wind-pollinated species.
What is it?
Outermost floral appendage
modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
Function
protects flower bud as it develops
may be colorful
Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
Hermaphrodites = both male and female reproductive parts
Complete flowers have all 4 floral appendages
Petals, sterile
Stamens, male fx
Carpels, female fx
Sepals, sterile
Modifications
Carpel position
Imperfect flower
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Display variation
Various ways to ensure cross pollination
Lacks a whorl of sexual organs
Types
Dioecious
male flowers on one plant, female flowers on different plant
Androecious
male plant
Monoecious
male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
gynoecious
female plant
Superior vs inferior
Superior
Carpel above
Hypogynous
sepals, petals and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary
Perigynous
sepals, petals and stamens are fused at the base to form a cup-shaped structure called a hypanthium which is inserted beneath the ovary
Inferior
Receptacle surround carpel/ carpel below
Epigynous
sepals, petals and stamens arise from the top of the ovary, or from a hypanthium inserted above the ovary.
Traits
shape
Floral symmetry
Zygomorphic
Irregular/bilateral (pea)
Actinomorphic
Radially symmetric (sunflower)
bloom time
Diurnal = day time
Nocturnal = night time
smell
Signal to pollinators/ plant may have scent glands
Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheromones
Common chemicals
Linalool (lavender)
Most common
Limonene (citrus)
benzaldehyde (almonds)
Beta ocimene (green)
rewards
Nectar
Pollen
Oil
color
Some colors are more attractive than others
Some are in UV spectrum
Pollination syndromes
Abiotic
Anemophily (wind)
No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
Small
Most have no petals
Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
Large amount of pollen
Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
Hydrophily (water)
Copious pollen (floats)
Small flowers
Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
Biotic
Melittophily (bee)
Full of nectar
Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
Open in daytime
Provide landing platforms
Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
Psychophily (butterfly)
In clusters and provide landing platforms
Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
Open during the day
Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
Nectar guides present
May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
Phalenophily (moth)
Many night pollinated species
White
Heavy scent
Tubular corollas
Myophily (fly)
Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
Nectar guides not present
Produce pollen
Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
Saprophily, for carrion mimics
Ornithophily (bird)
Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
Have tubes, funnels, cups
Strong supports for perching
Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
Open during the day
Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
Chiropterophily (bat)
Open at night;
Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
Pale or white in color;
Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
Copious dilute nectar.
Cantharophily (beetle)
Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
White, to dull white or green
Strongly fruity
Open during the day
Moderate nectar producers
May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
Deception
May look like pollinator
May smell like pollinator
Uses trickery
Usually no reward
Saprophily included
Origins
ancestorial flower
First flower fossil >124.6 BYA
Most primitive extant
General trends
Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
Floral axis shortened
Original spiral arrange no longer evident:
Floral parts are often fused
Ovary superior → inferior
Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
Radial symmetry →irregularity
family Amborellaceae, order Amborellales, amborella genus, Amborella trichopoda only species
Traits
Shrub located in new Caledonia
molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently place it as the sister group to all other flowering plants.
Name
Archaefructus sinensis
Traits
Herbaceous and aquatic
Traits
Bisexual
Radially symmetric
Multiple whorls of petals
Androecium
2+ whorls of anthers
Gynoecium
5+ carpels
Seeds
Origins
Seed plants
Seed ferns CAME FIRST (extinct)
Gymnosperms
progymnosperms (extinct)
Angiosperms
Earliest seed
Primitive ovule
Enclosed ovule
Evolution of ovule
Ovule diversity
Ovule innovations
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gymnosperm (seed plants)
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Angiosperm (flowering plants)
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Evolved from shoot apex
Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
Steps
homospory --> heterospory / one type of spore to microspore + megaspores
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Stamnostoma huttonense
(352 MYA)
Gnetopsiselliptica
Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
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Moresnetia zalesskyi (360 MYA)
8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
Lobate integuments, free from nucellus/megasporangium
Elkinsia polymorpha (360 MYA)
4-5 lobes, fused basal third,
Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
Advantages
Increased independence from free water reproduction
Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
Enabling advanced reproductive traits
Pollination drops
Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
Dispersal
self
gravity
exploding
animal
active
Fleshy
Provide animal with nutrients
Long-distance dispersal
Seed pass through gut without harm
Seeds are regurgitated later
Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
passive
Hooks
Catch on fur
Catch on hoof
Velcro
water
boyant
air spaces
wind
Wings
Parachutes
Lightweight seeds
Fruits
After double-fertilization
Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
Zygote develops in embryo
Integuments develop into a seed coat
Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
Formation
Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
ovary wall
pericarp
thickens and differentiates
mesocarp
endocarp
exocarp
Types
accessory fruits
Any fruit with accessory tissue
Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
Parthenocarpic fruits
fruit development without fertilization or seed development
Simple fruits
2+ united carpels
single carpel
examples: bean,cherry,tomato,berries, apples, pomes
Aggregate fruits
Apocarpous gynoecium
Carpel retains its identify in mature state
Example; magnolias, rassberries, strawberries
Multiple fruits
Derived from an inflorescence
Combined gynoecia of many flowers
Example; fig, mullberry, pineapple
