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Biology {Reproduction in Humans}: 🦑 - Coggle Diagram
Biology {Reproduction in Humans}: 🦑
Menstrual Cycle
12-17 days-ovulation in the ovary stimulates release of egg(usually day 14)
LH level increases
18-25 days- corpus luteum fades away without fertilised egg
progesterone levels drop
8-11 days- lining of womb (uterus) thickens in preparation for egg
oestrogen concentration increase
26-28 days- back to start uterus lining detaches- menstruation
1-7 days- uterus lining breaks down when egg cell is not fertilised- this is a period
Preganancy
placenta
- temporary organ connecting the foetus to the umbilical cord that provides nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood and takes away waste substances like CO2 and urea through diffusion, it also takes over production of pregestrone
amniotic fluid
acts as a cushion in the amniotic sac during pregnancy around the foetus to absorb shock
A human embryo develops into a fully grown foetus after 9 months
Exam Question
-
Describe the role of the placenta for the growth and development of the embryo:
Diffuses glucose, oxygen, from the mother's blood to the embryo. This is requires for respiration to release energy. The amino acids diffuse in for protein synthesis, as well as vitamins and minerals for development. It also allows for removal of waste substances like carbon dioxide and urea
antibodies
- small proteins travelling though the umbilical cord to provide immunity
Exam Question
-
How is the placenta adapted for efficient exchange of substances?
Villi increase surface area, large network of capillaries has a large blood supply with large concentration gradient and thin walled cappilaries for short diffusion distance
Male Anatomy
urethra
tube in penis that carries urine and semen (a ring of muscle seperates
testis
- contained in a bag of skin called scrotum producing sperm (male gamete) and testosterone hormone
sperm duct
- sperm pases through to be mixed with semen fluids before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation
penis
-passes urine from the bladder in excretion and semen into the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse
prostate glands
- produces semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients
http://www.kscience.co.uk/revision/reproduction/male/malelabel.htm
scrotum
- sac ensures sperm are kept at a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body
Female Anatomy
uterus
- muscular bag with a soft lining where the fertilised egg (zygote) will develop into a foetus
cervix muscle
at the lower end of uterus keeps developing foetus in place during pregnancy
ovary
- contains ova female gametes that will mature and develop when hormones are released
oviduct
- connects ovary to uterus,lined with cilliated cells to push the released ovum (egg) down it this is where fertilisation occurs
urethra
- tube that passes urine from bladder out of the body
vagina
-muscular tube that leads to inside of woman's body where the sperm is deposited after the male penis enters during sexual intercourse
http://www.kscience.co.uk/revision/reproduction/female/femalelabel.htm
Puberty
oestrogen
- breasts development, menstrual cycle starts, growth of body hair, widening hips, increased height
testosterone
- growth of penis and testes, production of sperm, growth of facial and body hair, muscle development, voice lowering and breaking
Hormones
progesterone- maintains thick lining of uterus (inhibits release of FSH and LH)
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone stimulates eggs to mature in ovaries (stimulates release of oestrogen)
oestrogen- stimulate uterus lining to grow for implantation of embryo (stimulates release of LH)
LH- luteinising hormone= stimulates release of egg froms corpus lutem (ovulation- produce progestrone)
FSH stimulates ovaries to increase oestrogen inhibits FSH, stimulating LH, progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation
non-identical offspring inherit traits from parents
minimum of 1 offspring
variation decreases chance of species extinction
allows selective breeding
Asexual Reproduction
one parent cell.no gametes/fertilisation, mitosis, creates genetically identical daughter cells, produced in large number, lack variation
