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FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, image, image, image,…
FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
Difficult time for the monarchy
France was a model of absolute monarchy ruled under the principles of enlightened despotism
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED THE REVOLUTION
Example of United States, some French people had fought on the side of colonists in American War of Independence
Inequality before the law, noblemen and cleric did not pay taxes and bourgeoisie and peasantry did
Liberal ideas of Enlightenment, had become popular amongst large segments of population
Economic crisis, France lost Canada and possessions of India and Africa, court at Versailles didn't reduce its spendeing luxuries
Political unrest, king and queen were openly criticised and discredited, books of grievances were compiled
Social inequalities, population had grown, farming production could no longer meet the demand for food, many parisians were hungry
Phases of French Revolution
Estates-General(1789)
French Revolution was a long revolutionary process, began: 1789 and finished: 1804
Its first phase began when King Louis XVI assembled a consultative Parliament
Representation was based on class or estates and not individuals
Estates-General was assembled because the Royal Treasury had problems paying its expenses, it proposed that the rich pay taxes
Third estate want to be individual
National constituent assembly (1789-1791)
Social situation got worse, nobles' homes were raided, and Parisians rose up and attacked the Bastille prison
Soldiers defending the prison opened the doors so they could escape
Drew up the Constitution of 1719, established the division of powers
Legislative assembly (1791-1792)
Constitution was approved, Constituent Assembly was dissolved and elections were held following censitary suffrage
Tendencies appeared
Plain, were deputies who were in the majority and didn't belong to any party
Girondins, were moderates federalists and supporters of parliamentary monarchy
Jacobins, were radical liberals, centralists and supporters of Republic
National convention (1792-1795)
Assembly assumed legislative and executive powers becoming a National Convention
New Constituion was created, but the priority was fighting the invaders
Jacobins obtained more representatives than the Girondins in elections, Convention removed and imprisoned Louis XVI
Republic was proclaimed in September 1792
Jacobins took control of Convention, king was tried for treason and executed by guillotine
Convention drew up a Constitution, it envisaged greater political democratisation by establishing universal manhood suffrage and distributing wealth
Robespierre led the Public Health Committee, it ordered the execution of anti-revolutionaries
White Terror, seized power and sentenced Robespierre to death
Directory (1795-1799)
New Constitution was approved in 1795, it was less open in rights and freedoms, new ilegal text established an executive power called 'directory'.
Internal instability and lack of a definitive victory abroad led to a new coup d'etat
Consulate (1799-1804)
Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d'etat in 1799
Seized power and drew up another constitution that same year
The new constitutional text established a Congress and Senate with few powers
SANS-CULOTTES
Allied with the bourgeoisie and played a large role in the main revolutionary events
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
It served as the basis for abolishing the Old Regime in France
Articles
Article 3: principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in nation
Article 11: free comunication of thoughts and opinions is one of most precious rights of man
Article 1: men are born and remain free and equal in rights
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
represented Franch Revolution
