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Wessner - Coggle Diagram
Wessner
Molecular adaption to health-anhancing physical activity
Terminology
exercise = subset of PA = planned, structured, repetitive, objective
physical fitness = health- or skill-related
physical activity (PA) = any movement (work, transport, sports, ...)
molecular exercise physiology
exercise -> adaption (low vs high responder)
RT -> more strength, muscle mass, CSA
Biological adaptation
regard to training load
biopositive = enhancing performance
bionegative = reducing performance
time course
fast adapting = muscles
slow adapting = bones, tendons, ligaments
physiological adaptations
morphological = muscle mass, capillarisation, heart volume, ...
functional = changes in energy metabolism, ...
specifity
specific = area of stimulus
unspecific = other areas
Integration of physiological stimuli in phenotypic responses
Refulation of transcription & translation by an exercise stimulus
Different sensors for signals
metabolic signals (ATP/AMP ratio, intramuscular hypoxia)
hormonal signals (anabolic hormones = increase = insulin/testosterone, stress hormones = cortisol, EPO)
mechanic signals
neuronal signals
Skeletal muscle
muscle cell = fibre
satellite cells = can divide
composition
muscle fibre types
more than 3 types
type 1 to intermediate is possible
environmental (training) stimuli
Adaptions to strength training
resistance/work load, velocity, training, breaks, progressive
contributions to strength
concentric/eccentric, isometric/isokinetic, 1/more joints, machines/free weights
adaptions of skeletal muscle
increase CSA
increase type II
increase neuronal activity & sinc. MU
decrease volume density mitochondria
8-48h after RT =
protein synthesis & degradation
IGF-1 Ea & MGF responses to exercise (young & old)
block of myostatin = muscle hypertrophy
RT -> drecrease of myostatin
alternative splicing of IGF-I gene
neuromuscular electrostimulation = NMES
effects on protein degradation
protein synthesis
effects of NMES on grwoth factors (GF)
summary NMES
enhances protein content
lowers parameters of protein degradation
enhances total RNA in muscle
effects on GF dependent on current & age
molecular response dependent on stimulus
signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle phenotype and size
FoxO pathway
determinants of molecular & cellular muscle adaptions
Adaptions to endurance training
performance related parameters
oxygen supply
myoglobin content; mitochondria
capillarisation
energy supply
energy substrates
local
aerobic
muscular
capacity
aerobic metabolic capacity
muscle fibre type distribution
energy storage
supply with oxygen
general
aerobic
endurance
capacity
max. oxygen uptake
anaerobic threshold
its usability
Ageing & inactivity
successful ageing
reduction in endurance capacity -> trained 80 yrs VO2max = 20 yrs untrained
disability threshold
loss of muscle mass
primary sarcopenia = aged-related
secondary sarcopenia
nutrition-related
disease-related
activity-related
consequences
microarray
Immune system
skin & mucosa = first barriere
innate = unspecific
phagocytes & NK cells
initiation of specific immune response
reacts very fast (1h)
no immunological memory
protection against pathogens, toxic, substances, cancer cells, ...
adaptive = specific
immunological memory = faster 2nd time
lasts several days
B- & T-cells
organs of the immune system
... part of blood cells
innate + adaptive immunity
factors influencing immune system
neutrophils increase
lymphocyte increase
mobilisation of immune cells
decreased functions of NK cells & B cells
open window theory
(after heavy exertion)
3-72h
bacteria & virus can invade the body
immunosuppression
enhanced risk of infection 1-2 wks
c-shaped curve -> optimum = moderate exercise
= lowers infection risk
... enhances mucosal immune system
chronic low-grade inflammation
inflammatory markers
leukocyte
c-reactive protein (CPR)
cytokines (pro- & anti-inflammatory)
markers of mucosal immune system
diseasome of PA
Molecular adaption to health-anhancing physical activity 2
genetic tests
assessment of risk factors
performance indicators
no sense testing 1 gene
genetic research
trainability
injury risk
sports performance
HERITAGE family study
similarity famiywise = genetic impact
Basics of cell biology
localization of genome in a cell
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
4 different nucleotide bases
double, connected strand of nucleotides
long polymer
humans share 99,9% DNA sequence
genetic code
human genome -> 46 chr. (1-22 autosomes + xx = f or xy = m)
types of genetic variation
insertion/deletion polymorphism
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) -> renin-angiotensin system = regulation of circulatory system & blood pressure
angiotensin II -> direct hypertrophic effect (I = mountain climbers, D = muscle strength
muscle atrophy & growth
endurance profile -> some higher score = favor, others like population = train better
repeat polymorphism or microsatellite repeat
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) = a single nucleotide is altered
α-actinin 2 (ACTN2)
α-actinin 3 (ACTN3) = expressed only in type 2 fibers -> elite athletes (RR = power, XX = endurance)
α-actinin (ACTN)
gene-environment interaciton
ApoE gene x PA interaction
risk of cognitive decline (Alzheimer) = reduced by PA
genes & environmental influences affect phenotype but cannot be added together
human performance -> some athletes more easily in a discipline but made & not born
