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internal regulation - Coggle Diagram
internal regulation
temperature
affects many behaviours
vital for normal regulation
homeostasis
temperature and other biological processes
maintaining a set point
oxygen
glucose
water
protein/fat
allostasis
body anticipates needs
controlling body temp
poikilothermic
temperature matches environment
choosing locations
amphibians, reptiles
death occurs if not regulated
burrowing underground
homeothermic
use of internal physiological mechanisms
maintenance of one temperature
sweating and panting decrease temp
shivering, decreasing blood flow increases temp
requires energy and fuel
high temperatures
mammals temperature at 37C
ready for vigorous activity
proteins break bonds at higher temp
fever
increased temp by hypothalamus
immune system works efficiently
certain bacteria grow less vigorously
above 39 is dangerous
water
concentrations of chemicals in water
determine rate of all chemical reactions in the body
conservation
decreasing sweat
excreting concentrated urine
vasopressin
hormone released by posterior pituitary
raises blood pressure
constricts blood vessels
compensation for decreased water
antidiuretic hormone ADH
enables reabsorption by kidneys
thirst
osmotic
from eating salty foods
osmotic pressure
created by solutes inside/outside
sodium ions spread through extracellular fluid
draws water from the cell
solutes more concentrated on one side
neurons detect water loss
brain detection
receptors around third ventricle
the OVLT and subfornical organ
relay areas of hypothalamus
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detect sodium content from blood
flows across semi permeable membrane
water absorbed through digestive system for osmotic thirst
delivered by blood to brain
15 mins
hypovolemic
thirst due to loss of fluids
triggered by release of hormones
constrict blood vessels to compensate blood pressure
angiotensin II
stimulates neurons
third ventricle areas
1 more item...
vasopressin
reference for salty water
disorders
genetics and body weight
mutated genes
melanocortin
responsible for satiety
prada willi syndrome
intellectual disability
high blood levels of ghrelin
obesity
syndromal obesity
obesity by medical condition
single gene mutation account for 5%
influence of genes and environment
weight loss
bulima nervosa
extreme dieting and binge eating
some vomit after eating
increase of ghrelin and other homones
resemble drug addiction
brain mechanisms
hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus
neurons
satiety signals
signals LT and ST satiety
intestine triggers neurons to release CCK
body fat releases leptin
blood glucose stimulates satiety
axons send excitatory to paraventricular hypothalamus
hunger signals
ghrelin
neurotransmitter increases apetite
stomach contractions
melanocortin
chemical in limiting food intake
deficiencies lead to overeating
inhibits paraventricular nucleus
inhibits lateral hypothalamus
paraventricular hypothalamus
inhibits lateral hypothalamus
orexin
increases food seeking
influence response to incentives
lateral hypothalamus
controls insulin secretion
alters taste responsiveness
stimulation enhances food seeking
axons containing dopamine pass through
affect taste sensation and salivation
increase cortisol response to senses
increase pituitary glands hormone secretion
control digestive secretion
medial areas
ventromedial hypothalamus
output inhibits feeding
increase stomach motility
inhibitory transmitters
GABA
neuropeptideY
agouti-related peptide (AgRp)
NPY and AgRP block satiety and provoke overreating
food regulation
digestion
digestive system
break food into smaller molecules for cells
mouth digestion
enzymes in saliva break down carbohydrates
stomach
digest proteins
hydrochloric acid
enzymes
digestion made signal to stop eating
vagus nerve
info of stretching stomach walls to brain
splanchnic nerve
nutrient stomach content
small intestine
digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates
digested food absorbed into bloodstream
duodenum
site of initial absorption
release hormone cholecystokinin CCK
regulates hunger
closes sphincter muscle between stomach and duodenum
stomach holds contents and fills faster
stimulate vagus nerve to send message to hypothalamus
release chemical similar to CCK
large intestine
absorb water and minerals
lubricates remaining materials
dairy products
lactose
sugar in milk
can cause digestive issues
most mammals lose lactase enzyme
needed for lactose breakdown
glucose
product of digestion
source of energy for body
main fuel used by brain
excess enters liver and fat cells
regulated flow by insulin and glucagon
insulin
pancreatic hormone
levels drop after meal
high levels
blood glucose drops
increase hunger
food deposited as fat and glycogen
weight gain
rapidly moving glucose into cells
diabetes
insulin low
high glucose
excrete unused glucose and lose weight
glucagon
released by pancreas after meal
once glucose levels falls
stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
replenish low blood supplies
leptin
peptin produced by fat cells
signals to brain
decrease/increase eating
monitoring at cells in the body
long term hunger regulation
triggers puberty
low levels increase hunger
high levels reduce eating
increase physical immune system activity