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Urbanisation- the process of growth of towns and cities and their…
Urbanisation- the process of growth of towns and cities and their increasing population.
mega cities- a city with a population with over 10 million
examples include:
Japan
New York
Mumbai
large portion located in South Asia, along with a few in South and Central America. Mostly located near a coastline and often in low income or poorer counties
reasons for growth
colonial influnces
ports and trading cities
reassignment of a city (new capital)
post independence polices
post war modernisation
declining mortality rates
rural to urban migration
settlement laws
location of international production
HDEs, EMEs, LDEs
high developed economies
small growth
decrease of 1% in rural areas
increase of 0.9% in rural areas in the 1-5 million settlement
emerging economies
high distribution, doubled since 1975 to 2015 in the 1-5 million settlement
distribution has grown by 500% in mega cities from 1975 to 2015
Less developed economies
extremely high growth rate- 12.2% in the 5-10 million settlement
distribution decreasing in rural areas
world cities
characteristics
HQ of multinational corporations
domination of trade
leaders in finance and stock opportunities
international transport
tech companies center
leaders in sectors such as fashion
LOCATION key terms
PLVI- where land is most valuable, occupied by banks
transition zone- between CBD and residential zone
fortress development- gated housing or areas controlled by private security
rural-urban fringe- where town meets the countryside
edge city- built up area with a commercial district at its core developed on the edge of an existing urban area.
cultural quarters- rebranding of towns to focus on different cultural groups or their history
ghetto-an area occupied by migrants or minority groups
brownfield sites-areas formerly occupied by industry which have now been demolished or made derelict
greenfield sites- areas which have not been built upon
social housing- rented housing owned by councils provided at low rents
Darlington- Urban land use patterns
types of land use
residential
private owned
social housing
green spaces
parks
social areas
industry
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
CBD
retail
shops
factors affecting growth
social factors
housing
healthcare
education
economic factors
jobs
money
environmental
air quality
climate
open spaces
technological factors
cars
transport
computers
political factors
governments
local councils
planning applications
demographic factors
death rate
population
average life span
LEDC land use (Rio)
industrial route in main roads
government housing occurs in wedges
colonial influences
favelas (informal housing)
suburbanisation- growth of suburbs and migration of population away from central urban areas.
West Park/ Faverdale
significant growth- 700 new homes, varied size and prices
local retail- M&S, Aldi and CO-OP
created 100 jobs
new primary school and child care facilities
road widening scheme
west park- 12 hectare nature reserve on a former brownfield site
counter-urbanisation- reduction of population from urban areas and them moving to rural areas.
reasons for counterurbanisation
congestion
better education
less crime
cleaner and less pollution
new housing
rural areas
sports facilities
better communities
Heighington
increase in professional middle to high income groups
over 50% own two or more cars
4 miles to the A1(M)
GENTRIFICATION- improvement of the built environment of part of an urban area that has previously been in decline. Improvement takes place by wealthy investors and character often changes.
hackney
319% increase in property price from 1999 to 2012
50% reduction in deprivation
increase in cafe culture
positive effects
cleaner areas
attractive to investment
not building on greenfield sites
creates less deprived area
community based areas
negative effects
less affordable
pushes people away
moves deprived areas
hard for first time buyers
modernism and post-modernism
modernism focuses on concrete, straight lines and efficacy, planers believed that they could create an urban utopia.
post- modernism rejects the idea of modernism, individuality became important along with new technologies and building materials.