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Evie Ramos Per 3 Muscular system - Coggle Diagram
Evie Ramos
Per 3
Muscular system
Major functions of the muscular system
Muscles are organs that generate force to cause all types of movement
Controls bodys shape
And helps maintain body temperature (body heat)
3 types of muscles & their functions
Skeletal muscle
Over 600 Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Movement of bones of joints, maintenance of posture
Developed transverse tubule system
Contracts and relaxes fast when triggered by a motor neuron
Involve reaction between actin and myosin
Triggered by membrane impulses and have an increase in
calcium ions in the cells and use ATP energy
Cardiac Muscle
Only found in heart
self-exciting (involuntary)
branching and striated cells
Intercalated discs
Single nucleus
Involuntary
Smooth Muscle
Elongated (stretched out) with tampered ends
Dont have striations
Thick and thin filaments but randomly set up
Undeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum
Slower to contract and relax
Maintains a contraction longer with the same amount of ATP
Can change length without change in tautness
Single nucleus
Involuntary
involve reaction between actin and myosin
Triggered by membrane impulses and have an increase in
calcium ions in the cells and use ATP energy
Names of all the skeletal muscles (including the facial muscles)
Anterior view
Bicep brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Deltoid
External obliques
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Frontalis
Iliopsoas
Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Palmaris longus
Pectinus
Pectoralis major
Pronator teres
Rectus abdominis
Serratus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternohyoid
Temporalis
Tensor fasciae latae
Trapezius
Tricep brachii
Zygomaticus
Adductor longus
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Posterior view
Brachioradialis
Deltoid
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
Occipitalis
Rhomboid major
Sternocleidomastoid
Teres major
Trapezius
Tricep brachii
Bicep femoris
Adductor magnus
Gastrocnemius
Gracilis
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Calcaneal
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Sarcomere
Sarcomeres are units made of many myofibrils
Sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next
Have striations made of light and dark bands
I bands (light) are anchored to the Z line and are made of Actin filaments
A bands (dark) are made of overlapping thin and think filaments
H zone is the middle of the A band, consists of Myosin filaments
The M line is the center of the H zone consists of proteins that hold the Myosin still
Neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber that it regulates
Motor neurons make skeletal muscle fibers contract when stimulated
Synapses are created by a skeletal muscle fiber that is functionally connected to the axon of a motor neuron
Neurotransmitters is the neuron communicating with the muscle fiber by way of chemicals called neurotransmitters
mitochondria and synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters
The motor end Plate is a special region that is in the muscle fiber
Electrical impulse reaches end of axon motor neuron
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft
Bind to the motor end plate, and stimulate the muscle fiber to contract
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Cross bridges is created when the myosin head attaches to the actin filament during a contraction
This binding causes the head to bend, pulling on the actin filament, and moving it toward the center of the sarcomere
The head then let's go and attaches to the next binding site on the actin, pulling this site toward the center
Filaments increase their overlap while they continue to do it over and over, sarcomere shortens from both ends
ATP changes to ADP and ATP breakdown cause the heads to return to the “cocked” position, ready to bind to another actin binding site
Action potential in a muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron
neuron communicates to muscle fiber called neurotransmitters, released at synapse
Electrical impulse reaches the motor neuron, synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters spread over the cleft, bind to the motor end plate, triggering the muscle to contract
Muscle coverings (connective tissue coverings)
Fascia is layers of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle and also separates them.
Tendons is connective tissue that extends beyond the ends of the muscle and are fused to the peritoneum of bones
Aponeuroses are sheets of connective tissue that muscles are connected to each other by broad
Epimysium blends with the fascia, the layer of connective tissue around each skeletal muscle
Perimysium extends inward from the Epimysium
Perimysium surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers, called fascicles,
Endomysium covers each muscle cell with connective tissue layer
Disorders associated with the Muscular system
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscle weakness and atrophy
Symptoms: muscle retardation, muscle weakness, loss of strength
Fibromyalgia
Muscle pain
Symptoms: muscle pain, tender bone, joint pain
Myasthenia Gravis
Neuron-muscular disorder that blocks
Symptoms: muscle weakness, shortness of breath, swallowing and chewing difficulty
Cerebral Palsy
Spastic paralysis causing muscle weakness
Symptoms: mild to severe, delayed development, muscle tightness
Myositis
Inflammation of the muscle
Symptoms: muscle weakness, swelling, tenderness