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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
        #
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        Male plants
        
        female plants
      - Shrub
    - - Flowers indefinite in # of parts
        
        have few parts that are definite in #
      - Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange
        
        no longer evident
        
        Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior → inferior
        
        Perianth differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - Radial symmetry →irregularity
  - - - flower is a stem w/ leaf-like structures
      - Complete flowers have all 4 floral appendages
        
        Sepals, sterile
        
        Petals, sterile
        
        Stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least 1 appendage
    - - Sepals -> outermost floral appendage
      - modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
      - Protect flower bud as it develops
      - can be colorful
      - All the sepals together = calyx
    - - located above the sepals on receptacle
      - leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll
      - Attract pollinators
      - Collectively are a corolla
      - Sepals and petals collectively = perianth
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species
    - - occur above the petals
      - collectively the androecium
      - Two parts
        
        anther and its supporting filament
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes)
        
        undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores
      - Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis
        
        form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively = gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains
      - Style elevates stigma
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced
      - w/ the ovary are placentae bearing small structures
        
        called ovules
      - After fertilization of egg
        
        ovules mature into seeds
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior
        
        Carpel above
        
        Inferior
        
        Receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        Carpel below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex lilies
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        #
        
        ex cherry flower
    - - Lacking whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male & female flowers on same plant
      - Dioecious = male on plant, female flowers on diff. plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
    - - Inflorescence
      - Taxonomic importance
      - many ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - color
      - Smell, organic volatiles
      - shape
      - Bloom time
      - Rewards, eg nectar
    - - Some more attractive than others
      - Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
      - Some in uv spectrum
    - - Signal to pollinators
      - Sometimes use own preferences & sexual pheremones
      - Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
      - May have scent glands
        
        eg roses
    - - Floral symmetry
      - Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        eg sunflower
      - Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        bilateral
        
        eg pea
    - - Diurnal
        
        day time
      - Nocturnal
        
        night time
    - - nectar
      - pollen
      - oil
  - - - Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Hydrophily (water)
      - Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
    - - WindNo bright colors, special odors, or nectar
      - small
      - Most have no petals
      - Stamens & stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - Water
      - Copious pollen
      - Small flowers
      - Long filaments -> pollen transport on surface
      - Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - bee
      - Full of nectar
      - Brightly colored petals
        
        usually blue or yellow or mixed
        
        bees cannot see red
        
        can in UV
      - Sweetly aromatic or a minty fragrance
      - Open in daytime
      - Provide landing platforms
      - Often bilaterally symmetrical
        
        one side is mirror image of other
      - Flowers often tubular
        
        w/ nectar at base of tube
    - - Butterfly
      - In clusters & provide landing platforms
      - Brightly colored
        
        red, yellow, orange
      - Open during day
      - Ample nectar producers
        
        w/ nectar deeply hidden
      - Nectar guides present
      - May be clusters of small flowers
        
        goldenrods, Spirea
    - - Moth
      - Many night pollinated species
      - White
      - Heavy scent
      - Tubular corollas
    - - fly
      - Pale & dull to dark brown/ purple
      - Some flecked w/ translucent patches
      - Putrid order
        
        rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap & blood
      - no nectar guides
      - Produce pollen
        #
      - Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
      - Saprophily, for carrion mimics
    - - Bird
      - Tubular & have petals (recurved so out of way)
      - Have tubes, funnels, cups
      - Strong supports for perching
      - Brightly colored
        
        red, yellow, orange
      - Odorless
        
        birds -> poor sense smell
      - Open during day
      - Prolific nectar producers w/ nectar deeply hidden
      - Modest pollen producers
        
        designed to dust bird’s head/back w/ pollen as bird forages for
        nectar
    - - bat
      - Open at night
      - Large in size
        
        1 to 3.5 inches
      - Pale/white in color
      - Very fragrant
        
        fermenting/fruit-like odor
      - Copious dilute nectar
    - - beetle
      - Bowl-shaped w/ sexual organs exposed
      - White/dull white or green
      - Strongly fruity
      - open during day
      - Moderate nectar producers
      - May be large solitary flowers
        
        magnolias, pond lilies
      - May be clusters of small flowers
        
        goldenrods, Spirea
      - Deception
        
        May look like pollinator
        
        May smell like pollinator
        
        Uses trickery
        
        Usually no reward
        
        Saprophily included
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
        #
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into seed coat
      - Ovary wall & related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes w/ other portions of flower
        
        or inflorescence develops into fruit
      - Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
    - - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Any fruit w/ accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides ovary is included in fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization
        
        W/out seed development
      - Banana
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
        
        beans
        
        cherry
        
        tomato
      - Major fleshy types
        
        berries
        
        Drupes
        
        pomes
      - Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains identify in mature state
      - examples
        
        Magnolias
        
        raspberries
        
        strawberries
    - - Derived from inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
        
        fig
        
        mulberry
        
        pineapple
  - - - wind
      - water
      - animal
        
        active
        
        passive
      - self
    - - wings
      - Parachutes
      - lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - Large airspaces
      - example coconut
    - - fleshy
      - Provide animal w/ nutrients
      - Long-distance dispersal
      - Seed pass through gut w/out harm
      - Seeds regurgitated later
      - Ends up in pile of excrement
      - Ants with elaiosome
        
        lipid based nutrient rich
    - - hooks
      - catch on fur
      - Catch on hoof
      - velcro
    - - gravity
      - exploding
- - - - seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperms
        
        Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes fused basal third
        
        ~360mya
      - Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Lobate integuments
        
        Free from nucellus/ megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes
        
        fused at chalaza
        
        widely separarted
        
        ~360mya
    - - megasporangium enclosed within integument
        
        Increased protection
        
        Desiccation
        
        Herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense
        
        352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex
        
        similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
        
        Integuments
      - Pollen capture
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - megaspores retained w/in megasporangium
      - megasporocyte/megasporangium # reduced to 1
      - 1 megaspore survives
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex
        
        for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop w/in megagametophyte
    - - Megaspores
        
        Megagametophyte
      - Microspores
        
        Microgametophyte
      - Found in some non-seed plants
    - - First integument telomes
      - Second integument phyllad origin
    - - Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to1 per megasporangium
        
        instead of hundreds
    - - Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - Reduced megaspores w/ other 3 aborted
      - megaspore retained inside megasporangium
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg in wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
      - Micropyle
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy
        
        embryo develops within
  - - - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
      - Reduced over time
    - - Sperm development within antheridia
      - Sperm rely on water to swim to archegonia
    - - swim from
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some w/ air bladders
        
        Transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Angiosperm, 3-celled
        
        Tube cell
        
        Generative cell
      - Microspore within microsporangium
      - Mitosis within microspore wall
      - Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
    - - Ovule on megasporophyll
      - 1 microsporocyte
      - Pollen chamber
      - Nesting doll
        
        Integument
        
        Nucellus
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to1
        #
      - Megaspore reduced to 1 and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
    - - 1 megasporocyte
      - 1 megaspore
      - 2 integuments
      - Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        3 antipodals
        
        Sometimes nutritive
        
        2 polar
        
        Becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids
        
        Guide pollen tube
        
        1 egg
        
        Eventual zygote
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - Unique to Angiosperm
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
        
        Double fertilization
  - - - Increased independence
        
        from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        Pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy
        
        increase chance of offspring survival
    - - Pine example
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - Pollen tube grows down style
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid
        
        releasing sperm
      - One sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        Zygote #
      - One sperm fuses w/ polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        Endosperm
    - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - lots of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - lots of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example