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Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P2 Muscular System - Coggle Diagram
Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P2 Muscular System
Disorders associated with the muscular system
Fibromyalgia
Symptoms
Muscle pain, fatigue, & insomnia
Treatment
Physcial therapy, massage, & medication
Causes
Infection, physical trauma, & abnormal pain response
Muscle pain, more common in
WOMEN
Myasthenia Gravis
Causes
Age, autoimmune, & tumor of thymus
Symptoms
Muscle weakness, double vision, & facial paralysis
Treatment
No cure, medication, & thymectomy
Autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness, most common in WOMEN
Muscular Dystrophy
Symptoms
mental retardation, muscle weakness, & loss of strength
Treatment
medication, no cure, physical therapy
Causes
Becker, myotonic, & duchenne
Genetic disease that damages the muscle fibers; 9 different forms , more common in
MALES
Cerebral Palsy
Causes
Head injusry, bleeding in the brain, & brain infections
Symptoms
Mild to severe, muscle tightness, & paralysis
Treatment
no cure, physical therapy, & surgical intervention
Spastic paralysis causing muslce weakness, CHILDREN
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
inherited, common in males
ages 2-7 boy becomes clumsy
progression upwards, affecting head, chest, & cardiac muscles
caused by defective gene fro dystrophin = protein links thin filaments to extracellular matrix & helps stabilize sarcolemma
Myositis
Symptoms
muscle weakness, swelling, & rash
Treatment
medications, antibiotics, & reduce inflammation
Causes
infection, muscle trauma, & autoimmune
inflammation of the skeletal muscles caused by an infection
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Symptoms
muscle impairment, weakness, & paralysis
Gradual degeneration of motor neurons
Major functions of the muscular system
Maintain posture & body position
Stabilize joints
Produce movement :
responsible for locomotion & manipulation
Generates heat as they contract
Atp creates heat, eating in the morning decreases cold temperature
Names of all the skeletal muscles
Torso
Anterior
Pectoralis major (Pecs)
Serratus anterior (upper side oblique)
External oblique
Rectus abdominal
Posterior
Teres major
Rhomdoid major
Infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsel
Trapezius
Upper limbs
Anterior
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Biceps branchii
Pronator teres
Deltoid (shoulder)
Flexor carpi radialis
extensor carpi radialis
Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor digitorum
Triceps branchii
Extensor arpi ulnaris
Deltoid
flexor carpi ulnaris
Head
anterior
Epicranius (frontal)
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi (around eyes)
Zygomaticus (upper cheek)
Masseter (cheek)
Orbicularis oris ( around mouth)
sternohyoid
sternocleido-mastoid
Posterior
Epicranius (occipitals)
Sternocleidomastoid
Lower limbs
Anterior
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus Laterailis
tensorfasclae latae
Tibialis anterior
Sartorius
Fibularis longus
Gracilis
soleus
Adductor longus
extensor digitorum longus
Pectineus
lliopsoas
Posterior
Gastrocenmius
Fibularis longus
Gracilis
soleus
Adductor mangus
semimembranosus
Gluteus medius
biceps fermoris
Gluteus maximus
semiterdinosus
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
3) Calcium binds to a structure on the actin that causes it to change shape
4) The shape allows myosin heads to form cross-bridges between the actin and the myosin
2) The impulse travels down the membrane in to the transverse tubules which causes calcium to be released from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
5) Energy from ATP is used to create a "power stroke" between the two filaments. The actin filament slides inwards and shortens the whole muscle
1) Brain sends a single along the motor neuron, inside the motor neuron are vesicles that contain acetylcholine, acetylcholine reaches the receptors on the sarcolemma which causes an impulse
Sarcomere
A bands (dark bands)
made of overlapping think & think filaments
H zone
(center of A bands) consists of myosin filaments
Z lines
(anchor the I bands)
M line
(center of H zone) made of proteins that hold myosin filaments in place
I bands (light bands)
made of actin filaments
Extends from one Z line to the next striations consist of an alternating pattern of light and dark bands
Muscle coverings
Perimysium
fibrous connective tissue surrounding FASCICLES
Endomysium
fine areolar connective tissue surrounding EACH muscle fiber
Epimysium
dense irregular connective tissue surrounding ENTIRE muscles
Action potential in a muscle fiber
Acetylcholine receptors are being scattered across and they stick to the synaptic cleft, after attaching to the synaptic cleft they become ligand-gated cation channels
After the Acetylcholine attaches to the acetylcholine receptors that contain ligand gated cation channels the channels open. This allows sodium to enter and potassium to exit
Through the process of exocytosis, Acetylcholine is released from the synaptic vessels
The sodium ions are entering the muscle fibers. On the other hands, potassium ions are exiting the muscle fiber. The membrane potential is more likely to be caused by negative
Boldege catege calcium channels to open and calcium ions diffuse into the terminal
Once the membrane reaches a threshold value action potential along the sarcolemma or membrane and the neurons stop the "message" to contract is when acetylcholine either diffuses away from the snapse of is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
An actin potential travels the length of the axon of a motor neuron to an axon terminal
Neuromucuslar junction
3) Calcium entry causes release of ACH neurotransmitter into synpatic cleft
4) ACH diffuses across ACH receptors on sarcolemma
2) Voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium enters motor neuron
5) Binding to receptors, open gates, allowing Na to enter resulting end plate potential
1) AP arrives at axon terminal
6) Acetylchotinesterase degrades ACH ( destroys muscle contraction)
3 types of muscles and their function
Smooth
Function
propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control
Location
mostly walls of hallow organs
Description
cells spindle shaped, no striations
Cardiac
Function
Propels blood into circulation, involuntary control
Location
Walls of heart
Description
Branching, striated, uninucleate cells connect to specialized junctions
Skeletal
Function
Voluntary movement, locomotion, and manipulation of the environment
Location
Attached to bones or occasionally to skin
Description
Long cylindrical, mulitnucleate cells, and striations