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FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, image, image, image,…
FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
In the last third of the 18th century
France was under the reign of Louis XVI
France was a model of absolute monarchy
it was ruled under the enlightened despotism
the population had started to ask for a change
in 1789 some factors triggered the revolution
factors that triggered the revolution
the example of the United States
some French people
they fought with Americans
some of the delegates
they signed the Declaration of Independence
they visited France frecuently
Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
inequality before the law
feudal societies of the Old Regime
nobelmen and clergy didn't pay taxes
they were the richest states
the third state
bourgeoisie
they had to pay taxes
peasantry
agreed that the other states didn't benefit society
the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
became popular among some population segments
clergy
nobility
became widespread
division of society into states
criticism of absolutism
people called for
the separation of powers
equality before the law
economic crisis
after seven years' war
France lost Canada and India and Africa
they lost them against Great Britain
it affected the Royal treasury
they had to pay all the debts the war caused
the Versailles court continued spending on luxuries
political unrest
a lot of political unrest in France and Paris
pamphlets of criticism were printed and distributed
the king and queen were openly criticised
more than 25,000 books of grievances were collected
they society wasn't happy
social inequalities
18th century
population had grown a lot
production could not meet the demand
many Parisians went hungry and had no resources
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
legislative assembly (1791-1792)
when the constitution was approved
Constituent Assembly was disolved
elections were held following censitary suffrage
the new constitution was in charge of preparing laws
three new political tendences
The Plain
deputies that didn't belong to a party
The Girondins
second highest number of representatives
moderates, federalists, supporters parliamentary monarchy
The Jacobins
radical liberals
centralists supporters of the Republic
were in the minority
absolutist powers of Austria and Prussia attacked France
also threatened Paris, all in 1792
san-culottes rose up
the assembly suspended the king and called elections
universal manhood suffrage
national convention (1792-1795)
the assembly assumed legislative and executive powers
it became a national convention
they were going to create a new constitution
because of the war the constitution wasn't created
their priority was to fight invaders
defeated at the Battle of Valmy
the convention imprisoned Louis XVI
republic was proclaimed on September 1792
the Jacobins took control of the Convention
more radical measures
king was tried for treason and executed
slavery was abolished and gave rights to low class
Convention wrote a constitution that was never approved
right to education
right to work
gave to people right to food
the terror
began at that time
Robespierre led the Jacobins
Jacobins started killing anti-revolutionaries or suspects
the excess of constant instability led to a coup d'état
they divided powers and Robespierre was killed
the white terror started against Jacobins
Convention started drafting a new Constitution
national constituent assembly (1789-1791)
National Assembly was doing its work
but the situation got worse
noble's houses were raided
Parisians rose up and attacked the Bastille prision
the king couldn't dissolve the assembly
the assembly included
the creation of a universal tax
the establishment of censitary suffrage
abolition of feudal priviledges
he wrote the Constitution of 1791
established the separation of powers
incorporated the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
he seemed to accept the situation
but he contacted other absolute monarchies
he was discovered and detained
to conspire against the new regime
the directory (1795-1799)
new constitution approved in 1795
lees open than the one from 1791
less freedom
less rights
the new text established the directory
government faced threat of foreign warfare
internal instability led to a new coup d'état
the states-general (1789)
the French Revolution was a long process
began in 1789
finished in 1804
when the Napoleonic empire was founded
the first phase
began with a consulative Parliament
assembled by King Louis XVI
the States-General
it was typical of the Old Regime
representation based on
class or states
not individuals
the states-general assembled because
the Royal treasury had problems
it proposed that the rich pay taxes
the voting was one vote per estate
the third state
they were more
they wanted one vote per attendee
nobility and clergy rejected this
the states-general was disolved
the third state delegates formed the National Assembly
declared themselves as
only representatives of French people
swore not to depart until France had a constitution
the consulate (1799-1804)
Napoleon Bonaparte
most prestigious French general
he led to a new coup d'état
he seized power and wrote a new constitution
established a Congress and Senate with few power
he ruled in an authoritarian way as first consul of the Republic
