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Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching related to approach, procedure…
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching related to approach, procedure and design
A Brief history of early developments in language teaching
The foundations of contemporary approaches to language teaching were developed during the early part of the twentieth century.
Language teaching in the twentieth century was characterized at different times by change and innovation and by the development of competing language teaching ideologies.
The emergence of methods
Common to each method is the belief that the teaching practices it supports provide a more effective and theoretically sound basic for teaching than the methods that preceded it.
The Influence of Latin
The grammar Translation Method
The Principal characteristics
Grammar Translation is a way of studying a language that approaches the language frits through detailed analysis of its grammar rules, followed by application of this knowledge to the task of translating sentences and texts into and out of the target language.
Reading and writinn}g are the major focus little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening
Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading text used, and words are taught through bilingual word list, dictionary study, and memorization.
The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice
Accuracy is emphasized
Grammar is taught deductively
The student's native language is the medium of instruction.
Language teaching innovations in the nineteenth century
Teachers and linguists began to write about the need for a new approaches to language teaching, and through their pamphlets, books, speeches and articles, the foundation for more widespread pedagogical reforms was laid. this effort became known as the Reform Movement in language teaching
The Reform Movement
The International Phonetic Association founded in 1886
the study of the spoken language
2.Phonetic training in order to establish good pronunciation habits
The use of conversation texts and dialogues to introduce conversational phrases and idioms
An inductive approach to the teaching of grammar
5.Teaching new meanings
Henry Sweet (1845-1912) included
1,careful selection of what is to be taught
2.imposing limits on what is to be taught
3.Arranging what is to be taught in the terms of the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
4.Grading materials from simple to complex
The Direct Method
In practice stood for the following principles and procedures
Grammar was taught inductively
New teaching points were introduces orally
Oral communications skills
Concrete vocabulary
Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught
Both speech and listening comprehension were taught
Classroom Instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language
Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized
The Methods Era
Common to most approaches and methods are the following assumptions
An approach or method refers to a theoretically consistent det of teaching procedures that define good practice in Language teaching
Particular approaches and methods , if followed precisely, will lead to more effective levels of language learning than alternative ways of teaching
Teacher training should include preparing teachers to understand and use the best available language teaching methods
The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching
Approach and Methods
Approach
Theory of language
Cognitive model
Structural model
Functional model
International model
Sociocultural model
Genre model
Lexical model
Theory of learning
Cognitive code Learning
Behaviorism
The creative-construction hypothesis
Skill learning
interactional theory
Constructivism
Sociocultural Learning theory
Individual Factors
Design
What the objectives of a method are
How language content is selected and organized
The roles of learners
The roles of teacher s
The role of instructional materials
Procedure
Types of learning and teaching activities
Teacher Roles
The role of instructional material
Learner Roles