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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Color
      - Smell, organic volatiles
      - Shape
      - Bloom time
      - Rewards, eg nectar
    - - Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
      - Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Some colors are more attractive than others
    - - Signal to pollinators
      - Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
      - Some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
      - May have scent glands
        
        eg roses
    - - Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        eg sunflower
      - Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
      - Floral symmetry
    - - Diurnal
        
        Day time
      - Nocturnal
        
        Night time
    - - Nectar
      - Pollen
      - Oil
  - - - Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Hydrophily (water)
      - Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
    - - Wind
      - No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
      - Small
      - Most have no petals
      - Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
      - Large amount of pollen
      - Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
      - Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
    - - Water
      - Copious pollen
      - Small flowers
      - Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
      - Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - Bee
      - Full of nectar
      - Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
      - Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
      - Open in daytime
      - Provide landing platforms
      - Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
      - Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
    - - Butterfly
      - In clusters and provide landing platforms
      - Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
      - Open during the day
      - Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
      - Nectar guides present
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - Moth
      - Many night pollinated species
      - White
      - Heavy scent
      - Tubular corollas
    - - Fly
      - Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
      - Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
      - Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
      - Nectar guides not present
      - Produce pollen
      - Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
      - Saprophily, for carrion mimics
    - - Bird
      - Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
      - Have tubes, funnels, cups
      - Strong supports for perching
      - Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
      - Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
      - Open during the day
      - Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
      - Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
    - - Bat
      - Open at night;
      - Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
      - Pale or white in color;
      - Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
      - Copious dilute nectar.
    - - Beetle
      - Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
      - White, to dull white or green
      - Strongly fruity
      - Open during the day
      - Moderate nectar producers
      - May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
      - May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - May look like pollinator
      - May smell like pollinator
      - Uses trickery
      - Usually no reward
      - Saprophily included
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior
        
        Carpel above
        
        Inferior
        
        Receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        Carpel below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex cherry flower
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex lilies
    - - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
      - Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
    - - Inflorescence
      - Taxonomic importance
      - Various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
      - Ovary wall
        
        Pericarp
        
        Thickens and differentiations
        
        Exocarp
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
    - - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Any fruit with accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization #
        
        Without seed development
      - Banana
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
        
        Bean
        
        Cherry
        
        Tomato
      - Major fleshy types
        
        Berries
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
      - Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains its identify in mature state
      - Example
        
        Magnolias
        
        Raspberries
        
        Strawberries
    - - Derived from an inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
        
        Fig
        
        Mulberry
        
        Pineapple
  - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
        
        Sepals, sterile
        
        Petals, sterile
        
        Stamens, male fx
        
        Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Stamens occur above the petals.
      - Are collectively the androecium.
      - Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
      - Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
      - Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis
        
        form a resistant cell wall
      - Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
  - - - Wind
      - Water
      - Animal
        
        Active
        
        Passive
      - Self
    - - Wings
      - Parachutes
      - Lightweight seeds
    - - Buoyant
      - Large airspaces
      - Example coconut
    - - Fleshy
      - Provide animal with nutrients
      - Long-distance dispersal
      - Seed pass through gut without harm
      - Seeds are regurgitated later
      - Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
      - Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
    - - Hooks
      - Catch on fur
      - Catch on hoof
      - Velcro
    - - Gravity
      - Exploding
  - - - Based on molecular data
      - Bisexual
      - Radially symmetric
      - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - Gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - Likely herbaceous
      - Likely aquatic
      - 124.6bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - New Caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        Male plants
        
        Female plants
      - Shrub
    - - Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange no longer evident
        
        Floral parts often fused
      - Ovary superior → inferior
        
        Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - Flowers indefinite in number of parts →flowers have few parts that are definite in number
      - Radial symmetry →irregularity
- - - - Gymnosperms
        
        Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
      - Seed ferns (extinct)
    - - Late Devonian (W. Virginia)
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
      - Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes fused basal third
        
        ~360mya
    - - Lobate integuments
        
        Free from nucellus/ megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
        
        ~360mya
    - - Stamnostoma huttonense
        
        352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
      - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
        
        Increased protection
        
        Desiccation
        
        Herbivory
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
    - - Protection
        
        Integuments
      - Pollen capture
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Micropyle
      - Heterospory
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
    - - Microspores
        
        Microgametophyte #
      - Found in some non-seed plants
      - Megaspores
        
        Megagametophyte
    - - First integument telomes
      - Second integument phyllad origin
    - - Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
    - - Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
      - Extra layer of protection
    - - Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
      - Micropyle
    - - Multicellular megagametophyte
      - Egg retained
      - After syngamy, embryo develops within
  - - - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
      - Reduced over time
    - - Sperm development within antheridia
      - Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders
        
        Transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Angiosperm, 3-celled
      - Microspore within microsporangium
      - Mitosis within microspore wall
      - Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
    - - Ovule on megasporophyll
      - 1 microsporocyte
      - Pollen chamber
      - Nesting doll
        
        Integument
        
        Nucellus
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
    - - 1 megasporocyte
      - 1 megaspore
      - 2 integuments
      - Embryo sac = megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        2 polar
        
        Becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids
        
        Guide pollen tube
        
        3 antipodals
        
        Sometimes nutritive
        
        1 egg
        
        Eventual zygote
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - Unique to Angiosperm
        
        Additional protection from ovary wall
        
        Double fertilization
  - - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        Pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
    - - Pine example
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - Pollen tube grows down style
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - One sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        Zygote
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        Endosperm
    - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example