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Biological approaches, STAGES, humanistic approach, psychodynamic approach…
Biological approaches
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KW
concordance rate- the rate at which two twins share the same characteristics. MZ twins have a 100% concordance rate . DZ twins, 50%
Genotype- is the particular sets of DNA a person possesses, aka the genetic makeup.
Phenotype- is how the gene is expressed , it's the thing we can see. eg someone has the genotype for brown eyes, so the phenotype expressed brown eyes and then we see it.
- the environment influences gene expression.
- some genes are recessive some are dominant
STAGES
ORAL STAGE
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successful completion of this stage = weaning, eating indepedantly
Consequence- oral fixation , sensitive to rejection , smokers, ites nails
PHALLIC STAGE
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consequences if unresolved= phallic personality( narcissism , reckless,possibly homosexual)
ANAL STAGE
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- defecation is the main source of pleasure
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consequence if it stays unresolved = anally retentive (v tidy , stubborn,perfectionist)
anally expulsive (thoughtless,messy)
LATENCY STAGE
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- sexual urges sublimated into sports and other hobbies, focus developing same sex friendships
- no particular requirements for successful completion
humanistic approach
focuses
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- x rejects the scientific approach b/c to them everyone is different , with an innate drive to achieve their max potential.
- focus on discussing experiences
- focus on the conscious experience
ABRAHAM MASLOW
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- everyone has needs that allow for personal growth , people are motivated to meet certain needs , he then developed a hierarchy theory of human needs.
- In order for someone to self-actualize, each stage needs to be fulfilled. Maslow found that people who had self - actualized were more creative and accepting of others and had an accurate perception of the world.
ROGERS
( congruence )In order for personal growth to be achieved , individuals concept of self-image and ideal self must be in equivalent and linked in some way.You can not self-actualize if the gap between self-image and ideal-self is too big.
( incongruent) , self image is way to different to ideal self . There is a little over-lap. Self-actualization will be difficult
Rogers claimed that any issues we face in adulthood like low self-esteem is rooted in our childhood. He said we can explain these issues by a lack of unconditional positive regard (meaning every ounce of love is conditioned/has a boundary to pass )eg i'll give you a new phone
an individuals psychological health is a result of their conditions of worth and conditional positive regard.
humanist psychologists priorities unconditional regard in their counselling to help someone build their self-esteem and confidence to help them self-actualize.
conditional positive regard reward is given for meeting certain standards
unconditional regard acceptance ,support and love simply b/c the person is a human being.
- identify what level of hierarchy they are on
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behaviourist approach
the focus
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
we learn by forming associations with things. between the environment (stimulus) and a physical reaction ( a response). Neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus resulting in a new stimulus being formed. the neutral stimulus is not conditioned stimulus producing a conditional response
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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BF SKINNER in conclusion behaviour is learnt through consequences (outcomes) and both types of reinforcement (neg/pos).
SKINNERS TEST - there was a rat in the box , and a leaver, everytime the rat would touch the lever food will be provided . The rats learned to go on the lever, to get the food . (positive learning theory)
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IF BEHAVIOUR IS DETERMINED THEN IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO PREDICT HOW HUMANS BEHAVIOUR WOULD BE DIFFERENT
