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:flag-gb:WORD FORMATION STRATEGY - Coggle Diagram
:flag-gb:WORD FORMATION STRATEGY
AFFIXATION
: the proces by which bound morpheme (affix) are added either word-initially or word-finally to free morphemes to form new words (derived words/
derivations
)
Prefix
are normally
class-preserving
, more frequent
Suffix
can be class-preserving or
class-changing
, tend to be word class specific
-er/or person who does an activity ( -ee person who receives or experienced the action
-it’s (person) -ism (ideology or activity)
-able/-ible verbs means ‘can be done’
PRODUCTIVE SUFFIX
-able, -conscious, -free, -rich, -led, -minded, -proof, - related, -ridden, -worthy
derived words: formed by adding affixes to a root
STRESS can be regarded as a derivational affix or superaffix
COMPOUNDING
composite forms
MUKTI-WORDS VERBS /
PHRASAL VERBS
Combination of 2 or 3 elements
Their meaning is idiomatic, cannot be fu,ly deduced form the individual meanings of the element that constitute the verb but they ca be often replaced by a singular word verb
Colloquial nature
Most frequent pv are formed by lexical verbs as
take, get,up
and particles as
up,out,on
Combining forms
are those words that are neither compounding nor derivational (technophobe
derived words are formed by affix+root
compound words's elements can stand alone
Initial combining forms (European - euro), final combining forms (prefissoidi)
derivations(free morpheme+ bound morpheme/ affix)
prefix and suffix
Endocemtric
: the compound as a whole’s meaning is equivalent to one of its part ;
egocentric
: the compound meaning is idiomatic
merging of pre-existing words , independently existing bases combined to form new words. 2 roots and 2 preexisting words written as one element or two separated element
It refers to something specific or an idiomatic meaning, not transparent
Compound prepositions are nowadays crystallized
COMPOUNDS
:
stem
(form that carries the basic meaning of the word) consisting of more than one root (steam consisting of a single morpheme).
lipstick, black market
STRESS
PATTERN
marker of compounds words that can help us detect them
of compound words is different from the stress pattern in the phrase composed of the same words, in compounds the stress element is the first letter
‘Blackbird (merlo)
/
black ‘bird
many are results of back-formatio
BACK-FORMATION
process of creating a new lexeme by removing actual or supposed affixes from a existing word
babysit comes form babysitter
,
nonchalant->chalant
generally noun to verbs
loss of -ion, -er, -ing in nouns; loss of -ic in adjectives to form new nouns
Other strategies
Eponyms the use of a proper name to refer to an object or action
Onomatopoeia
when a noun or verb refers to a sound and imitates it
Reduplication
doubling the first element of the word
flip-flop
An habitual combination of lexeme is know as COLLOCATION
BORROWING
most of them have been anglicised
Capogruppo iperonimo e soldato 👲imponimo
denotation a
BLENDING
a new lexeme built from the fusion of parts of two or more lexemes
similar to a compound although the base word are not joined in their entirety
smog
brunch, glitzy
, biopic
resulting items are generally nouns
Used in informal style, journal articles and advertising but also in technical fields (names)
also callled portmanteau words or telescope
SHORTENING
CLIPPING
reducing a longer word into one or two syllables, Only one part of the steam is maintained depending on the word
english don’t like long words that’s why they get shortened especially in some context
lab, celeb, flu, plane, doc, vegan
can be front- and back- clipping (most frequent), mixed or medial
troncamento
INITIALISM
extreme type of clipping, only the initial letter are put together and used as a word
We read the new word as ta series of the he names of the letters of the alphabet, not together
Body odor B. O.
not bo,
GSOH good sens of humor, GF girl friend
inizialismi
ACRONYM
way of expressing a phrase by only the first letter placed in sequence to form a new word
extreme type of clipping, only initial letter are put together to form a word
we pronounce them as a new word, all together.
laser
acronimi
most recent group
CONVERSION
a lexeme (word) that have been assigned to a new word class without any concomitant change of form
, either in pronunciation or spelling . without adding any derivational morphemes.
To bottle, to parent, a call, to empty, the poor
In Italian we do not have conversion because we must add affix, derivations
There is not a fixed set, we can convert anything
most often produces new nouns, verbs, adjectives
zero derivation or functional SHIFT, or anthimeria, multiple class membership
zero derivation bc it is seen as the derivation process without affix
Very frequent especially
VERBIFICATION
/ verbing (used especially jargon scientifico), access, mail
Sometimes it's hard to know which form arose first (the verb or the noun form..)
can be very colloquial
STRESS distinguishes nouns from verbs
secondary shifts: word forms move from one subclass to another within the same word class
ex: formation of new transitive verbs from intransitive ones, or intransitive verbs formed from transitive ones with a passive meaning
