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issues and debates - Coggle Diagram

- - - - beta bias- where research makes generalizations for all genders by ignoring or minimising differences between the sexes
        
        e.g. fight or flight
        
        studied exclusively men, made assumptions for all
        
        further research suggests that women adopt a tend or befriend approach (Taylor et al 2005)
        
        this can lead to increased research in the specific areas
      - alpha bias- the theory that research focuses on the male experience and assumes that women are inferior as differences are exaggerated
        
        an example of alpha bias is freud
        
        the oedipus complex during the phallic stage results in castration anxiety for boys, resulting in them developing a superego of their father to become an ally with them
        
        girls don't experience castration anxiety, they have penis envy, so cannot form a strong superego
      - this can result in female behaviour being misunderstood and pathologized e.g. pms (Brescoll and Uhlman 2009)
  - - - e.g. darwin
        
        suggests that women are selective in terms of male selection and less competitive
        
        recent DNA evidence shows that women are equally as competitive as men
      - this highlights the importance of challenging earlier gender research to ensure that we have a valid picture of people not just stereotypes
    - - female empowerment
        
        theories that empower women to reduce gender bias
        
        helps to reduce stigma related to gender stereotypes
        
        e.g. Cornwell et al 2013 suggested that women are more attentive and better at learning
      - feminist psychology
        
        research which attempts to restore imbalances in both psychological theories and research
        
        e.g. accepts that there are biological differences but that social stereotypes are more damning
        
        can help restore imbalances in research
        
        e.g. Eagly 1978 found that women are less effective leaders, so helped develop leadership training programs
    - - neutral actions often end up benefitting the group with power, in this case men
        
        e.g. equal parental leave ignores the biological demands of pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding
      - Hare-Mustin and Marecek point out that equality can draw attention away from special needs of women e.g. childbirth
- - - - no formulation of laws or generalisations of results to others
      - methods include case studies, unstructured interviews and thematic analysis
      - examples
        
        depression
        
        in depth interviews and first hand accounts
        
        conclusions can be used to help people with similar experiences
        
        case studies
        
        can provide an indepth insight into an individual or group to evaluate a theory
        
        e.g. patient KF had impaired visual stm but not auditory, challenging the multistore model of memory
    - - methods include experiments, correlations and psychometric testing
      - examples
        
        multistore model of memory
        
        atkinson and schiffrin developed general laws of memory which were used to create the msm
        
        biopsych explanation for OCD
        
        research identified how neurotransmitter imbalances result in the illness, allowing treatments and therapies to be produced