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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, image, image, image,…
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
Louis XVI, France absolute monarchy enlightened despotism
1789, a series of factors triggered the revolution
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED THE REVOLUTION
inequality before the law
noblemen and clerics no taxes
not nobility or clergy provide economic benefit to society
economic crisis
France lost Canada and places of India and Africa against Great Britain
Royal Treasury forced to pay huge debts-> finance the war
example of the United States
some French people fought side of colonists
delegates, signed the Declaration of Independence, visit France
political unrest
political unrest in Paris, rest of France
pamphlets criticising Old Regime printed, distributed
25,000 books of grievances, citizens/peasants describe their complaints, demands
liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
people call for separation of powers, equality before the law
criticism of absolutism, division society in estates of realm
social inequalities
farming production can't meet demand for food during poor harvests
many Parisians hungry, no resources
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789–1791)
king drew up the Constitution of 1791
division of powers
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Louis XVI: contact absolute monarchies against the new regime
soldiers opened the doors to escape
discovered and detained
nobles’ homes raided Parisians attacked Bastille prison
THE ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
third estate: individual one vote per attendee, nobility and clergy reject
third estate delegates formed the National Assembly
Royal Treasury problems paying expenses, rich pay taxes
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791-1792)
political tendencies
the Girondins
supporters of the parliamentary monarchy
moderates, federalists
second highest number of representatives
the Plain
majority
not belong to any party
deputies
the Jacobins
supporters of the Republic
minority
radical liberals, centralists
Constitution approved
Constituent Assembly was dissolved
elections-> censitary suffrage--> Legislative Assembly
meanwhile
sans-culottes rose up
Legislative Assembly suspended the executive power of the king
Austria and Prussia attack France, threaten Paris in 1792
NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792–1795)
Jacobins took control of the Convention (more radical measures)
Republic proclaimed in September 1792
slavery abolished, measures to support the lower classes
convention remove, imprisoned Louis XVI
establish universal manhood suffrage
and distributing wealth
people right to
food
education
work
Assembly assume legislative, executive powers-> National Convention
coup d’état in 1794
excesses and constant instability -> deputies
seize power, sentence Robespierre to death
started "White Terror" against Jacobins
period of "the Terror"
execution of anti-revolutionaries, suspects of anti-revolutionaries
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 3
THE CONSULATE (1799–1804)
new constitutional text established
Consulate (government): executive, legislative powers
Congress, Senate: few powers
seized power, drew up another constitution
Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d’état in 1799
Napoleon could rule authoritarian way
THE DIRECTORY (1795–1799)
executive power called the "Directory"
less open in rights and freedoms
new government face
rebellions by monarchists, revolutionaries
internal conspiracies
constant threat of foreign warfare
new Constitution approved in 1795
internal instability, lack victory-> new coup d’état
OIHANE TXARROALDE 24 4.E
