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Feedback and Reinforcement - Coggle Diagram
Feedback and Reinforcement
Types of Motivation
Internal/Intrinsic Motivation
– people who are driven by their own desires to succeed and improve because in itself the behaviour is pleasurable or rewarding are known to be internally motivated.
The pleasure is inherit in the activity and requires no
tangible rewards.
This type of motivation is known as a means to an end
rather than for the activity itself
External/Extrinsic Motivation
– people who are motivated by external rewards such as boosting one’s ego when beating an opponent. Praise, money or any other type of external reward.
Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1964)
Success and failure are not concrete events, but they are psychological states following perceptions of reaching or not reaching goals.
Nicholl’s (1984):
task and ego orientation, these 2 types of motivation are identified in athletes depending on how they interpret the goal of achievement or success.
Task Orientation
Task orientated athletes define success as their ability to perform a certain tasks or activities competently.
Success is achieved
: through giving high effort, always doing their best, collaborating with teammates, enjoyment of the activity.
High task athletes set task orientated goals such as
learning a new skill or improving a skill.
Foster intrinsic motivation.
Experience fewer feelings of incompetence because of their ability is based on a criterion that is individually referenced.
Ego Orientation
This type of athlete defines success on how other athletes
perform.
Factors like demonstrating higher ability than others and
having the best equipment are causes of success in sport.
Innate ability can result in success and this high ability is a stable attribute that cannot be changed through hard work and effort.
Flow
An intrinsically rewarding psychological state in which people feel in control of their actions, have a deep sense of exhilaration and enjoyment, and are so intensely involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter (Csikszentmihalyi, 2002).
Benefits of Flow in Sport:
peak performance (Jackson & Roberts, 1992), future motivation (Schuler & Bonner, 2009), self-concept (Jackson et al., 2001), psychological well-being (Haworth, 1993).
Dimensions of Flow
Challenge-skills Balance
: the golden rule of flow.
Clear Goals
: know and understand the goals of an activity.
Unambiguous Feedback
: feedback about how the performance is progressing.
Action-awareness Merging
: the person becomes 'at one' with the activity and feels as if they are performing automatically.
Concentration on the Task at Hand
: attention fully invested and person is completely focused but appears to take less effort compared to normal.
Sense of Control
: feel in control of their actions and performance.
Loss of Self-consciousness
: no concerns or doubts about how one is being perceived by others.
Time Transformation
: time either slows down or speeds up depending on the activity.
Autotelic Experience
: auto = self, telos = goals, intrinsically rewarding aspect of flow, during and after.
Flow vs Clutch
Flow - exploratory contexts:
positive event, positive feedback, confidence builds, challenge appraisal, set open goals.
Clutch - pressured contexts:
challenge appraisal, identify fixed goals, decision to increase intensity and effort.
Flow:
effortless attention, positive feedback about progress, absence of critical thoughts, optimal arousal, automatic/effortless experience.
Both:
enjoyment, enhanced motivation, perceived control, altered perceptions, absorption, confidence.
Clutch:
complete and deliberate focus, heightened awareness, intense effort, absence of negative thoughts, heightened arousal, automaticity of skills.