Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The main technologies and infrastructures that will drive the digital…

- - - - Telecommunications, as such, began in the first half of the 19th century with the electric telegraph, which allowed sending messages whose content was letters and numbers. Two notable improvements were made to this invention: the addition, by Charles Wheatstone, of perforated tape so that messages could be received without an operator being present, and the ability to send multiple messages over the same line, later called multiple telegraph, added by Emile Baudot.
        
        The term telecommunication was defined for the first time in the joint meeting of the XIII Conference of the UTI (International Telegraphic Union) and the III of the URI (International Radiotelegraphic Union) that began in Madrid on September 3, 1932.
        The then approved definition of the term was:
        "Telecommunication is all transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds or information of any nature by wire, radioelectricity, optical means or other electromagnetic systems."
        
        In the 1980s, personal computers became popular, digital networks appear, and telecommunications networks begin to become ubiquitous.
        In the last decade of the 20th century the Internet appeared, which expanded enormously and at the beginning of the 21st century we are experiencing the beginnings of total interconnection, through all kinds of devices that are faster, more compact and more powerful.
        
        Telecommunication can be point-to-point, point-to-multipoint or telecasting, which is a particular form of point-to-multipoint that works only from the transmitter to the receivers, its most popular version being broadcasting.
        
        From analog to digital.
        An analog signal is that continuous mathematical function in which its amplitude and period (representing information data) are variable as a function of time. Some physical magnitudes that commonly carry a signal of this type are electrical, such as current, voltage, and power, but they can also be hydraulic, such as pressure, thermal, such as temperature, mechanical, etc. Magnitude can also be any measurable object such as the profit or loss of a business.
        
        A signal is digital when its magnitudes are represented by discrete values instead of continuous variables. For example, the light switch can only take two values or states: open or closed, or the same lamp: on or off (see switching circuit).
        
        Digital systems, such as computers, use two-state logic represented by two levels of electrical voltage, one high, H, and the other low, L (for High and Low, respectively, in English). By abstraction, these states are replaced by zeros and ones, which facilitates the application of logic and binary arithmetic. If the high level is represented by 1 and the low level by 0, we speak of positive logic and otherwise negative logic.
        
        Signal types: video, voice, data.
        A signal is a symbol, a gesture or another type of sign that informs or warns of something. The signal therefore replaces the written word or language. They obey conventions, so they are easily interpreted.
        
        The protocols that are used to carry voice signals over the IP network are commonly referred to as Voice over IP protocols or IP protocols. They can be seen as commercial implementations of the experimental Voice Protocol Network (1973), invented by the ARPANET.
        
        The bandwidth.
        For analog signals, bandwidth is the width, measured in hertz, of the frequency range in which most of the signal power is concentrated. It can be calculated from a time signal using Fourier analysis. Those belonging to this range are also called effective frequencies.
- - - - Multiplexing Methods
        As we mentioned before, there are four different types of multiplexing, which are: Space, Frequency, Time and Direction, each of these methods or types of multiplexing will be listed and detailed below:
        
        Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
        
        Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
        
        Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
        
        Address Multiplexing
- - - - Programming software, which provides tools to help the programmer write computer programs and use different programming languages in a practical way.
        
        Application software, which allows users to carry out one or several more specific tasks, in any field of activity that can be automated or assisted, with special emphasis on business.
        
        Operating systems.
        An operating system is a program designed to allow the user to communicate with a computer and manage its resources efficiently. It starts working when the computer is turned on, and it manages the hardware of the machine from the most basic levels.
      - Hardware is a neologism from the English defined by the RAE as the set of material elements that make up a computer, however, it is usually used in a broader way, generally to describe physical components of a technology, so the hardware can be of major military equipment, electronic equipment, computer equipment, or a robot.
        In computing it is also applied to the peripherals of a computer such as the hard drive, CDROM, floppy drive, etc...
        This set includes electronic and electromechanical devices, circuits, cables, cabinets or boxes, peripherals of all kinds and any other physical element involved.
        
        Hardware refers to all the physical components (that can be touched), in the case of a personal computer it would be the disks, drives, monitor, keyboard, motherboard, microprocessor, etc.
        
        Computers are electronic devices capable of interpreting and executing programmed commands for input, output, calculation and logic operations; they receive inputs (data for processing), produce outputs (results of processing), process information, and store information.
        
        Every computer system has hardware components dedicated to these functions:
        
        Input peripherals
        
        Output peripherals
        
        Input/output peripherals
        
        Central processing unit
        
        Memory
        
        Databases.
        A database or databank is a set of data belonging to the same context, systematically stored for later use.
        In this sense, a library can be considered a database made up mostly of documents and texts printed on paper and indexed for consultation. Currently, and due to the technological development of fields such as information technology and electronics, most databases have an electronic format, which offers a wide range of solutions to the problem of storing data.
        
        Programming languages.
        A programming language is a language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. It consists of a set of syntactic and semantic rules that define its structure and the meaning of its elements, respectively.
- - - - Network protocols (TCP/IP vs OSI)
        We examine two important network architectures: ISO OSI and TCP/IP.
        Networking Devices
        When designing a data network, you want to get the most out of its capabilities. To achieve this, the network must be prepared to make connections through other networks, regardless of their characteristics.
        The objective of the Interconnection of Networks (internetworking) is to provide a data communication service that involves various networks with different technologies in a transparent way for the user. This concept means that the particular technical issues of each network can be ignored when designing the applications that the users of the services will use.
        
        The first hubs or "first generation" are advanced wiring boxes that offer a central point of connection connected to several points. Its main benefits are media conversion (for example from coaxial to fiber optic), and some fairly primitive management functions such as automatic partitioning when a problem is detected on a given segment.
        
        The "second generation" intelligent hubs base their potential on the management possibilities offered by the radial topologies (TokenRing and Ethernet).
        
        The new "third generation" hubs offer process based on RISC (Reduced Instructions Set Computer) architecture along with multiple high-speed boards.
        
        Repeaters: The repeater is an element that allows the connection of two sections of the network, with the main function of electrically regenerating the signal, to allow greater distances to be reached while maintaining the same level of the signal throughout the network. In this way, the length of the network can theoretically be extended to infinity.