Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The historical foundations of e-business, is it really a revolution? -…

- - - - In 1939 and independently of this project, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototype of an electronic machine at Iowa State College (USA). This prototype and subsequent research was done in anonymity, and was later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in 1945. The ENIAC, which was shown to be based on largely on the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer), he obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades later.
        
        The first commercial electronic computer, the UNIVAC I, was also the first capable of processing numerical and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckeret and John Mauchly, whose company was later integrated into Remington Rand, the machine marked the beginning of the computer age. In the illustration we see a UNIVAC.
        The central computer is in the background, and the supervisory control panel can be seen in the foreground. Remington Rand delivered its first UNIVAC to the United States Census Bureau in 1951.
        
        The Eniac
        The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but its program was linked to the processor and had to be modified manually. A successor to the ENIAC was built with a program store that was based on the concepts of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann.
        The instructions were stored inside a so-called memory, which freed the computer from the speed limitations of the paper tape reader during execution and allowed problems to be solved without the need to reconnect to the computer.
        
        Integrated Circuits
        In the late 1960s, the integrated circuit (IC) appeared, making it possible to manufacture multiple transistors on a single silicon substrate onto which the interconnecting leads were soldered.
        Chronological evolution of the computer
        Man's need to find fast and effective methods to solve his calculations and his great inventiveness led him through the centuries to the development of what we know today as the computer.
        
        500 BC: Abacus
        The first mechanical-type calculator was devised in Babylon around 500 B.C. This mechanical device called abacus consisted of a system of bars and pulleys with which different types of arithmetic calculations could be carried out.
        1622: Oughtred introduces the slide rule
        Around 1622, the English mathematician William Oughtred used the newly invented logarithms to make a device that simplified multiplication and division. It consisted of two joined graduated rulers that slid one on top of the other.
        1642: First adding machine
        French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal was nineteen years old when he built the world's first adding machine in 1642. It used gear wheels as counters.
        1834: First programmable digital computer
        In 1834 the English scientist and inventor Charles Babbage made the schematics of a device which he called an analytical engine, which was actually a general purpose computer.
        1850: First keyboard adder
        The keyboard appeared on a machine invented in the United States in 1850. A sequence of digits could be added by pressing successive keys.
        
        Evolution of Communications Technologies
        Telecommunications arise roughly as a result of the invention of the telegraph (1833) and the subsequent deployment of telegraph networks throughout the national geography. This evolution emerged in Europe from the 1850s and 1900s.
        Evolution of Information Systems
        Technological evolution in the last decades
        The historical evolution of Information Technology and ICT Communications), in its short history of less than 40 years, lives a path parallel to that of the organizational currents that have been implanted in companies.
        Importance of new technologies Nowadays, the advances in the so-called information technologies, which include computer equipment and applications and telecommunications, are having a great effect.
        
        The influence of the Internet
        Undoubtedly, new technologies have brought with them a spectacular and drastic change in all companies. In recent years, the Internet should be highlighted as the revolutionary element, followed by mobile telephony.
        Information technology today
        Today, the term information technology has been expanded to encompass many aspects of the computer and information technology. The umbrella of information technology can be large, covering many fields. Professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing computer networks and complex databases of data.
        
        Analog Computers
        The analog computer is an electronic or hydraulic device designed to handle input data in terms of, for example, stress levels or hydraulic pressures, rather than as numerical data.
        digital computers
        Everything a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine whether a switch, or 'gate', is open or closed.
- - - - The original RAID specification suggested a number of "RAID levels" or different combinations of drives. Each had theoretical advantages and disadvantages. Over the years, different implementations of the RAID concept have appeared.
        Most differ substantially from the original idealized RAID levels, but the custom of calling them by numbers has been retained. This can be confusing, as one RAID 5 implementation, for example, can differ substantially from another. RAID 3 and RAID 4 levels are often confused and even used interchangeably.
        
        The very definition of RAID has been in dispute for years. The use of the term "redundant" causes many to quibble that RAID 0 is really a RAID. Similarly, the change from "cheap" to "independent" confuses many about the intended purpose of RAID.
        
        An Integral Information System (SII) refers to a system that integrates or centralizes the mission information of an organization, facilitating its use throughout all areas of the Organization. SIIs cover the business processes of a specific type of organization.
        Systems such as ERP or CRM can be considered as SII. Some vendors offer solutions for specific sectors such as Gas, Telecos, Production and Finance among others.
        
        History
        The SIIs are born from the need to unify the information spread by the Organization. Years ago and even today, organizations had computer systems for each of their areas. These systems, also known as islands of information, did not allow the effective flow of mission information within the areas of the organization, facilitating the duplication and outdated information.
- - - - Factors driving its development:
        
        Opening of markets
        
        Development of means of communication and transport, especially the Internet.
        
        Growth and mergers between companies.
        
        Privatization of public companies.
        
        International financial deregulation.
        
        Potential Benefits:
        
        Global economy and market, which can lead to a better use of resources.
        
        Universal access to culture and science.
        
        Greater scientific-technical development.
        
        Greater ability to maneuver in the face of fluctuations in national economies.
        
        International cooperation.
        
        Global system for the protection of human rights.
        
        Risks:
        
        Lack of control over markets and multinational companies (governance).
        
        Increase in economic, social and territorial imbalances.
        
        Concentration of wealth and increased social inequality.
        
        Failure to comply with minimum labor standards (precarious employment).
        
        Damage to the environment.
        
        Threat to biological and cultural diversity.
        
        Increased risk of transmission and spread of infectious diseases.
        
        Predominance of the financial-speculative economy over the real economy.
      - Energy and public service
        Due to their limited IT budget, unpredictable market prices and the challenge of managing aging infrastructure, companies in the energy and utility sectors are always looking to improve their operational efficiency.
        Informational data integration solutions provide the key functions energy and utility companies need to make the most of their data and get it when and where it's needed.
        
        Financial services
        Financial service providers focus their efforts on growing revenues through increased customer focus, reducing costs through better operational efficiency, and establishing strong risk management and compliance structures.
        Informational data integration solutions integrate customer, product, transaction, and risk information from across the enterprise to provide a holistic view of data and drive business operations.
- - - - WHAT IS E-BUSINESS?
        E-business in its translation means electronic business, but it is still a business mainly and if it continues to monopolize space with the same speed and magnitude that it has done so far, in a few years we will surely speak exclusively of "business" again and it will be understood which is electronic.
        E-business is not electronic commerce nor is it the Internet, this is only the visible part. Before communicating with the outside, a company must communicate within itself. The aim is to automate all the company's processes so that its employees stop working routinely and dedicate themselves to thinking about the business and offering personalized solutions to their clients.
        
        Will this be a revolution?
        Indeed, a priori, it is about doing the same thing better and better, but as this increase in productivity frees up resources, the company can listen to the customer. And not only that, but new channels can be used to contact your customers and new technologies to serve you properly.
        
        THE ENVIRONMENT
        Several tools are needed within the company to have good internal communication. The business tool that allows us to know the needs of the client and provide an adequate service is the CRM Customer Relationship Management, which in its translation into Spanish is the management of relationships with clients. This must be integrated with the ERP Enterprise Resource Planning or business planning resources, which is the operational instrument of the company.
        
        THE INFRASTRUCTURE
        The infrastructure consists of servers, software, and storage systems. It must be designed to run different applications that ensure the success of the company. Due to the constantly evolving business environment, the infrastructure must be able to adapt to unpredictable changes, so look for an open environment capable of integrating multiple standards, as well as new and existing systems.
        
        What can technology do in all this?
        Technology can help you optimize your relationship with suppliers. By investing very little money you can save not only time but also efficiency and professionalism in front of your employees and clients.
        
        IBM
        It has a variety of products that allow the creation of a solid technological infrastructure that can face the new e-business generation. This means that they are not only safe and reliable products, but they are also:
        • OPEN
        To integrate disparate technologies.
        • FLEXIBLE
        Installations and software designed to evolve.
        • SCALABLE
        New servers, storage systems and software are being created to intelligently respond to rapid growth.
- - - - There are marketing and sales concepts (which include CRM or the administrative relationship with consumers, back end (the internal work of the company to satisfy the needs of consumers) that includes quality control, to ensure that there are no unfixed problems , in final products; supply chain (interaction with suppliers and infrastructure).
        All this can be integrated through the ERP, although some systems have spaces of less understandability and effectiveness.
        Without an ERP that integrates all of this, it can be difficult for manufacturing management.
        
        GNUe. It is a set of applications in the style of FacturaLux, also with a GPL license, which try to meet the needs of an ERP. Due to its structure and design, it can be considered an ERP to use, since it pursues integration, modularity and adaptability. Each project is developed completely separately and is later linked to the rest, maintaining a central common structure.
        
        The result: profound transformation of competitive structures, vision of companies and organizations, and company processes.
        An information system is a set of elements that interact with each other in order to support the activities of a company or business.
        Computer equipment: the necessary hardware for the information system to operate.
        The human resource that interacts with the Information System, which is made up of the people who use the system.
        
        Information Systems that achieve the automation of operational processes within an organization are frequently called Transactional Systems, since their primary function is to process transactions such as payments, collections, policies, entries, exits, etc.
        On the other hand, the Information Systems that support the decision-making process are the Decision-Making Support Systems, Group Decision-Making Systems, Expert Decision-Making Support Systems and Information System for Executives.