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Khan on Imperialism in International ELT Testing, TOEFL not only reflect…

- - - - TOEFL holds American English as standard as norms to which all candidates are held
        
        TOEFL reflects a kind of artificial English
        
        TOEFL is profitable to cultural hegemons
    - - Both cultural and financial incentives to those who control testing
- - - - Nonetheless, TOEFL remains widely used
        
        Appeals to 'Americanization' of Saudi Arabia
        
        Enjoys international recognition
        
        Difficulties
        
        Candidates struggle to conform to dialect expectations
        
        Students struggle to understand and produce American idioms
        
        Texts reflect American topics