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Internationalism and Unilateralism Evaluating the Fate of NATO - Coggle…
Internationalism and Unilateralism
Evaluating the Fate of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)
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The United States led the establishment of its first military alliance during peacetime, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which is the subject of the Applications section of the chapter (1949)
first military association/alliance between the United States and other countries during peacetime. Persisted for over 70 years even though the purpose for which it was created (the Soviet military threat) has not existed in that form for over 30 years
The U.S.' military might, symbolized by the atomic bomb, confronted a huge Soviet Red army, but its overall superiority was unchallenged
NATO created a military command to coordinate cooperative military preparation and war plans against its enemies
“politics ends at the water’s edge”—the ideal that domestic affairs was a political battle but that when facing the rest of the world, the United States should maintain a united front with its friends and allies.
chapter VII of the UN Charter also contains Article 51, which provides for the formation of collective security alliances. NATO and Article 5 exemplified implementation of that provision
Article 5, the collective security article and the basis on which the American physical commitment to come to the aid of its allies is based
“each and every member will consider this as an attack against all members and will take
such actions as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic
area
”
Internationalism
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collective action that seeks to enlist the international system in joint actions that promote mutual security and prosperity (going it together)
typically associated with political liberalism
premised on the notion that cooperation between sovereign entities can yield better results than individual, adversarial approaches.
transcending political boundaries is an acceptable compromise
isolationists refer to internationalists as “socialists” or worse
Unilateralism
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the benefit of others is far less important than benefits for the individual country trying to maximize its utilities (going it alone).
pessimistic view of human nature and are more prone to view arrangements where states forfeit political power with suspicion, even disdain
transcending political boundaries is an acceptable compromise
“knuckle dragging America firstism,” - Kirshner
As Rose puts it, “liberalism’s project ended up getting hijacked by nationalism. Large segments of many Western populations came to think the order wasn’t working for them.”
both
have the promotion of interests of the state as their main goal
have both been used in the past and even now are used. Preference has always been a matter of time, circumstance, and the predilections of their enthusiasts.
Historical Background
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associated with British prime minister Lord Palmerston.
liberal order wasn't well, revived by President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles peace negotiations in 1918
led to the founding of the first contemporary universal manifestation of internationalism, the League of Nations
Great Depression that began in 1929 was a major cause of that failure
Internationalist sentiments and efforts collapsed, replaced by unilateralist, isolationist alternatives that created tensions in the slide to World War II.
The internationalists reemerged and took leadership virtually by default in reasserting internationalism and building an institutional framework
The two philosophies are currently at rhetorical “war” for dominance
The United States had been very consciously isolationist before 1900
first American-led effort to institute internationalism failed
THE HEART OF THE DEBATE: Should American interaction and entanglement with international affairs should be limited or extensive, which reflects a judgment about whether American interests are best served by differing levels of involvement in international affairs?
Americans retreated to “splendid isolationism,”
Wilsonian principles of diplomacy to “strengthen ties and foster respect for the rule of law within and between countries.”
March 12, 1947, President Truman gave the address of the Truman Doctrine which stated, the world was effectively divided into free and subjugated countries, only the United States was physically capable of protecting the weak states.
internationalist consensus has eroded in the twenty-first century: rise of terrorism, the slowing of the global economy, subsequent diminution of the popularity of globalization, and global activism in the form of wars